Is Social Media Responsible For The Increase Of Mental...

Is social media responsible for the increase in mental health issues in young people? For the majority of my generation social media is an integral part of our lives. Since the invention of the smart phone we have only ever been a few clicks away from our friends and endless information. However, how is this affecting our mental health? On the one hand it can be argued that it is enhancing our communication skills yet studies have suggested that offline behaviours such as bullying are becoming more and more prevalent online. With the dawn of social media also came cyberbullying. Unlike verbal and physical bullies, cyberbullies have the power of anonymity and omnipresence, which in some cases can allow them to be untouchable. One only has†¦show more content†¦Hence it is unlikely that participants would be willing to reveal that level of personal information in a survey. Therefore, this study does not reflect the true number of the sample experiencing suicidal thoughts. One could argue that cyberbullying is not the fault of social media and if social media had not come about the other forms of bullying would just have increased in severity. Ybarra and Mitchell et al (2004) found that: ‘Students who bully online are more likely to report poor parent-child relationships and a lack of parental monitoring of online behaviour’. So surely the responsibility of the increase in mental health problems lies with the parents. The world is always adapting therefore, it is a parent’s duty to make sure that their children are taught the appropriate behaviours for any social setting. Yet one could argue that social media provides opportunities for social interaction that those with mental illnesses such as social anxiety would not otherwise be able to have. 0.8% of the adult population suffers from agoraphobia, a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult. So one could argue that social media provides a lower pressure environment where at least the person is receiving some social interaction rather than none at all. Someone with social anxiety disorder is characterized as having a constant phobia of social situations in which they believe they will be

The Indian Land Division Is A Standout - 1164 Words

Presentation The Indian land division is a standout amongst the most universally perceived parts. In the nation, it is the second biggest business after horticulture and is slated to develop at 30 every penny through the following decade. It embodies four sub parts - lodging, retail, cordiality, and business. The development of this area is very much supplemented by the development of the professional workplace and the interest for office space and additionally urban and semi-urban housing. As per a study by ICRA, the development business positions third among the 14 noteworthy divisions regarding immediate, roundabout and actuated impacts in all parts of the economy. It is likewise expected that this segment will bring about all the more non-inhabitant Indian (NRI) interests sooner rather than later, as an overview by an industry body has uncovered a 35 every penny surge in the quantity of enquiries with property merchants. Bengaluru is relied upon to be the most supported property speculation destination for NRIs, took after by Ahmedabad, Pune, Chennai, Goa, Delhi and Dehradun. Business Size The Indian land business sector size is relied upon to touch US$ 180 billion by 2020. The lodging division alone contributes 5-6 every penny to the nation s (GDP). Additionally, in the period FY08-20, the business sector size of this segment is required to increment at a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 11.2 every penny. Retail, friendliness and business land areShow MoreRelatedAncient And Culture : Guatemala, Mayan Time Period1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthe names of their particular dialect tongues, which reflect political divisions from the sixteenth century. The derisive terms Indio and characteristic have been supplanted in respectful discussion and production by Indigene. 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After autonomy from the BritishRead MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 PagesPotomac River, 17-year old George was commissioned as the first Surveyor of the newly created Culpeper County, Virginia in the interior of the colony. This appointment was undoubtedly secured at the behest of Lord Fairfax and his cousin (and resident land agent) William Fairfax of Belvoir, who sat on the Governors Council. I.2 Presidency The Electoral College elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election; he remains the only president to have received 100 percent of the electoralRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesvegetarian and non-vegetarian stations on the same day, thus ensuring clear segregation. The wrapping of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food took place separately. These extra steps were taken to assure Indian customers of the wholesomeness of both products and their preparation. 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Importance of IPR in Company Valuation Free Essays

IP valuation is a mechanism for determining the monetary value of an IP asset. IP asset is a bundle of intangible assets of a Company and can be distinguished that law creates it. Such created IP assets are legally protected, independently identified, can be transferred and have an economic life span. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of IPR in Company Valuation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such IP assets are known and categorized as patents, trademark, copyright, industrial designs, trade secrets etc. The valuation of IP asset is directly linked and be understood in relation to monetary and financial valuation, the cost, and worth of an asset and the prospective economic benefits or profits, which it brings to the organization. There are numerus reasons and motivations for conducting IP assets valuation. The primary reason for conducting IP valuation is to maximize the value of the organization having the ownership over such IP assets. The different scenarios of conducting IP valuation can be divided into four (4) major categories. The first category is â€Å"Transaction†, Second category is â€Å"Enforcement of IP rights or assets, Third category is â€Å"Internal Use† Last and forth is â€Å"other purposes†. The first category includes licensing and assignment of IP assets or franchising, sale or purchase of IP assets, merger and acquisition deal of organizations, joint venture or strategic alliances, and donating IP assets. The second category includes valuation of IP for calculation of damages for infringement of Intellectual Property. The third category includes valuation of Intellectual Property rights or assets for Investment and research and development purposes, internal management of IP assets, strategic finance and monetary decision and last is for investor’s relations. The forth category includes business and legal compliance and finance reporting, bankruptcy or liquidation of the Company, legal actions for protection of IP assets, tax compliance and last is insurance of IP assets. IP valuation is also helpful in making a strategy to be used in legal disputes related to intellectual property infringements, as to when initiate a legal proceedings through court or when to choose ADR mechanisms like Arbitration or Mediation ; Negotiation. Valuation of Intellectual Property is a process, which is used to find out the important information to determine the monetary value of IP and to ascertain that what monetary benefits can be obtained out of a particular IP. The correct and precise assessment of IP is very advantageous in business scenario, which helps in taking management decision largely in the development and marketing of the products and services of an organization. There are few factors to consider while conducting IP valuation, such as, an IP asset should be separately identifiable, specific identification and description, tangible evidence of its existence, like a contract, license agreement, registration certificate etc, be able to legally enforced and transferred, capable of generating separate revenue stream, can be sold without selling the other business or assets of the owner organization, and can be destroyed. As this has been stated above that there are many motivations and incentives for conducting IP valuation, but the Valuation of IP is most important aspect for investment transactions and an organization can make its business more attractive and more viable to its shareholders and potential investors. Valuation of IP is one of the crucial factors, which plays an important role in the Company’s success in its business or its failure and it depends on the aspect as what extent the Company is able to exploit its IP assets and convert it into capital. The management of the Company and its business managers should know the value of all IP assets and related risk and liabilities for a better understanding, so that they can effectively take decision to maintain the value of IP assets. It is worth to be noted that where the intangible IP assets have been properly protected through patents, copyright, trademark industrial design etc, then it is much easier to calculate the value of Company’s IP assets. However, this is not the similar case with other intangibles assets, such as know-how, training process and methods, technical process, list of customers, user data etc. Such assets are also equally valuable; however, it is a bit difficult to calculate its value in comparison of previous case. For valuing such kind of intangible assets, a very vigilant due diligence is required to be conducted with the help of IP expert/lawyers and the team of In House Accountants. What is the role of IPR in the success and earning of profits can be understood from of several top-notch Companies like Samsung, Sony, Philips, IBM, Microsoft etc, which have increased their profits just because of their IPR portfolio management. The value of an IP asset depends on its ability to exclude and keep the competitors away from a particular business or market. Such exclusivity rights can be enforced through legal process and basis on such exclusivity, the monetary benefits can be extract form a particular IP asset. An IP asset should be able to generate revenue or profit for its owner or the organization, which it belongs to and should be able to increase the value of other assets, to which it is associated. There is one solution to increase the profit and revenue for any organization to have and properly maintain an IP portfolio. This will help in protecting the innovations inside the organization and will help in increase the current revenue but in future as well. Proper management of such IP portfolio protects the interest of shareholders in the Company, which ultimately leads to enhance the stock value, resultantly, multiplying the total worth of the Company. The IP portfolio management gives a competitive advantage to the owner Company over the other competitors in the area of the business or service. Therefore, it is always necessary for the Company to keep on developing the IP portfolio, and adding new inventions thereto, which will ultimately increase its value. For example, when an acquisition or merger takes place, the IP Portfolio significantly helps in enhancing the value of the Company. In short, it can be said that IPR portfolio management is an important concept conducted by the Companies to boost its profit, revenue stream, market value and in holistic view the worth of the Company. This is the reason only that these days the corporates are striving hard and investing a lot of money on research and development inside the Company to build up a worthy IP portfolio. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain IP portfolio not just for increasing the profits and revenue, but also for valuation of the Company. Further, it is most important to select the right valuation method in a given circumstances. There are several factors, which should be considered while conducting a valuation of IP portfolio, such as what kind of property is involved, what is the level of technology used in the development of such IP. The advantages and disadvantage of any valuation method should be examine carefully before using or implementing the same. No specific rule is applicable in choosing the method of valuation, however, which method should be used, it depends on various situations. There are five kind of methods, which are generally used for valuation of IP assets i.e. Cost based method, market based method, income based method, option based method and qualitative method. Thus, valuation of IP is an important notion, which help any Company to get the price of its worth, for its efforts put in the development of the organization, its assets, revenues etc. How to cite Importance of IPR in Company Valuation, Papers

Comparative Essay for Poetry Unit Search for My Tongue Example For Students

Comparative Essay for Poetry Unit: Search for My Tongue Cultural conflict is when a new set of beliefs and habits overtakes and conceals the old set, deteriorating the sacred cultural connections established at birth. Justas Search for My Tongue and John Agars Half-caste are both excellent examples of cultural conflict. In the both cases, the authors are attempting to depict the hardships Involved with a clash of culture. In Search for My Tongue, Strata Bath finds conflict between two languages: what would you do/elf you had two tongues In your mouth (3-4). In Half-caste, Agar protests the racial discrimination towards the Gayness interior hidden by the British exterior. Both poets express these cultural conflicts with the use of perspective, cultural context, literary devices, imagery and variations to syntax. The similarities in these poems show that cultural conflict is abundant and ubiquitous, whereas the differences provide uniqueness amongst the cultural conflicts. In Search for My Tongue, Baths poem encompasses the conflict between mother tongue and the foreign tongue. These very physical objects replace her native language of Guajarati and foreign language of English. The use of this metaphorical analogy is widespread, such as in the French language, where the word langue means both tongue and language. According to Bath, if you had to/speaks foreign tongue,/your mother tongue would rot (10-12). The conflict between languages continues In the subconscious world, where the mother tongue always returns and blossoms out of my mouth (38). Similarly Half-Caste is also a conflict of cultures, specifically race. John Agar is a mixed race of black and white light an shadow (13). His life in Britain has allegedly suppressed his black, unwanted side. This protest poem is the black side attempting to be freed Just as how Baths mother tongue wants to grow(s) back (31). Agar often describes himself as half a person, standing on one leg (2), Half-a-eye (41), half-a- dream (431 half-a-shadow, (46). Bath searches for her two tongue but only finds one. Contrastingly, Half-caste is a poem of external conflict between Agar and the disapproving English society, whereas Search For My Tongue is about self-discovery and Internal conflict. In Search for My Tongue, lines between 1 and 14 are all in the 2nd person, which connects the poem to the reader. It Is more dramatic and heartfelt than a narrative. Baths internal conflicts are voiced out to the world, searching for an answer to the question I ask you, what would you do (3). Half-caste uses the exact same strategy in order to achieve a different goal. The 2nd person narrative is installed between lines 4 and 37. He uses phrases like Explain proof of that from his poem) you put the on metaphor with the sun dont pass in England society, it fits really well here . External conflicts between Agar and the society are immediately voiced. Both poems employ the perspective of the it is not ND person , JUDD told me that on Search for my tongue sits connect with the reader, but one does it to apply the internal conflicts to the outside world whereas the other does it to be heard. Bath brings out her internal conflicts so that she can connect with the reader. In Search for My Tongue, many literary devices are used to bring out these internal conflicts. Her metaphorical tongues actually symbolize languages. She often changes between the ambiguous meanings. For example, she states that if you had two tongues in your mouth,/and lost the first one, the mother tongue, (4-5). Bath is giving supernatural qualities to the physical tongue. In an another example, she states that your mother tongue would rot,/rot and die in your mouth (12-13). In this case, Bath is creating personifications by giving lifelike, natural properties to a language. This shows how Bath is switching between the multiple meanings. In Half-caste, Agar also draws on multiple examples. Contrastingly, he uses allusions or references to external literary works. .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .postImageUrl , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:hover , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:visited , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:active { border:0!important; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:active , .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6 .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cb538e7f37e23d5d5bd98bd7cf5e5d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry and Schizophrenia EssayThe two apparent allusions are Picasso and Tchaikovsky. Put the lines Both of these artists use contrasts to create a greater piece of work. According to Agar, a mixed person is a living example of beauty derived from two contrasting cultures. Although the meaning of these allusions is not ambiguous, they are often sarcastic and direct. The differences in the use of literary devices have to do with the fact that Bath is unclear about her cultural conflict, whereas Agar understands his cultural conflict. Both poets use the literary device of repetition to express cultural conflict. For example, in Search for My Tongue, the words tongue and mouth are very abundant. The word tongue ends lines 2, 5, 7, 11 and 37. The word mouth ends lines 4, 13, 34 and 38. Not only does the repetition bring the poem together, it strengthens the message Bath is trying to send. It resembles a distress signal from a person with dire need. Similarly, John Agar repeats the phrase Explain wisely in lines 4, 10, 23 and 31 . This reminds the reader of the aggressive tone in this rebellious poem, and ties the poem together. Every time a new idea is brought up, Explain wisely is the introductory line. Another way the poets attempt to describe cultural conflict is by the use of imagery. At the end of the poem, Strata Bath writes It grows back, a stump of a shoot (31). This is a metaphor, comparing the mother language to a growing bamboo. The metaphor adds to the clear imagery. Continuing,Grows longer, grows moist, grows strong veins,let ties the other tongue in knots,The bud opens, the bud opens in my mouth,let pushes the other tongue aside. (32-35)These lines paint a very explicit Similarly, John Agar also appeals to the many senses. The red an green (8) on the canvas (9) feed on the human sense of sight. The black key (28) and white eye (29) in the symphony (30) by Tchaikovsky (26) affect the human sense of hearing. Together, it allows the reader to fully experience the idea of Half- Caste. Finally, both poets use a strange form of syntax. In Search for My Tongue, Bath adds a full section of Guajarati. This symbolizes the rebirth of the mother tongue within Baths subconscious mind. In addition, between lines 31 and 35, there are no periods, replaced by commas. This section holds the imagery explained above, and periods would add unnecessary breaks. Similarly, Half-caste has no punctuations. Together with the differing dialect, it shows the poet opposing his surroundings. This is a form of protest, since Agar is not following the general rules of writing set by his racist opponents. Therefore, both poets express cultural conflict with variations to syntax. When reading Search for My Tongue, a monolingual person would not be able to fully comprehend Baths cultural conflict, except when it is described physically. By allowing the reader to picture two tongues in their mouth, Baths internal conflicts are expressed externally, allowing her to share her pain with the world. However, someone who is bilingual may have already experienced similar cultural conflicts. Therefore, this bilingual reader will understand Search for My Tongue much better than a regular monolingual reader. Similarly, Half-caste, is also geared towards two different types of people. A person who isnt mixed will not be able to comprehend this poem as well as someone who is mixed. In addition, Half-Caste protests against discriminative English people. In a less discriminative culture such as Canada where the use of racial slurs like half-caste is care, it is much harder to comprehend Agars cultural conflicts. Therefore, both Half-caste and Search for my Tongue are both good examples of how cultural context impacts how the poem is perceived. In conclusion, both poems are affected by cultural context, which dictates the effect on the reader. For example, as previously stated, a bilingual person will be able to comprehend Search for My Tongue better than a monolingual person. However, Strata Bath needs to ensure that the monolingual demographic will still be able to extract the full meaning. .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .postImageUrl , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:hover , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:visited , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:active { border:0!important; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:active , .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb55ebc11afa1c1486ce402759166d3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lyric Poetry and Harmony Throughout Petrarch EssayBoth Bath and Agar achieve this by employing very similar methods. The narrative, metaphors and personifications, vivid imagery and variations to syntax all contribute to expressing cultural conflict. Although the two poems have many commonalities, they are based on different subject matter. Search for My Tongue is about Baths internal conflict with herself, whereas Half-Caste is about Agars external conflict against his society. These conflicts differ, but are all linked to culture the overriding link between these entwining poems.

Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample free essay sample

Carry throughing the Appropriate Needs for English Language Learners The American schoolroom is of all time altering because desks are being filled with pupils who have progressively diverse backgrounds. Many of these pupils need to be taught the English Language while in school. these pupils are known as English-Language Learners or ELL’s ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . â€Å"Culturally and linguistically different pupils can resemble a disablement. but can besides dissemble an unmet disability† ( Collier. 2012 ) . That being said. it’s of import for instructors to to the full understand where an ELL is fighting. English-Language Learners can fight from the procedure of larning a new linguistic communication. cultural differences. or a disablement. Disproportionality has been known to be an educational concern sing ELL’s ; speedy referrals to particular instruction without appropriate logical thinking has caused loss of academic land in pupils ( Haung. Cl arke. Milczarski. A ; Raby. 2011 ) . When working with English-Language Learner’s many of their demands can travel unmet ; this usher provides deductions to assistance instructors and job work outing squads with the cognition to acknowledge a civilization difference from a disablement to diminish disproportion. We will write a custom essay sample on Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cultural Differences and Behavior If a instructor does non cognize how old the student’s are. how does he or she know what course of study to cover? Metaphorically. this represents the importance of understanding cultural diverseness as a instructor. Dr. Catherine Collier. who is presently a manager of Cross Cultural Developmental Education Services. defines civilization as. † how we organize our behaviours. communicating. values. and emotions† ( Collier. 2012. p. 496 ) . Culture reflects nature ; in the nature vs. raising argument. Educators should be cognizant of how much nature can impact a child’s upbringing and behaviour ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . When a instructor encounters a pupil who comes from an progressively diverse background. it is wise for the instructor to acquire every bit much background information about the student’s civilization before he or she enters the category. By obtaining this cognition before manus. the opportunities of placing an Ell with an emotiona l perturbation or a learning disablement can be decreased. Nature is what a kid can non pull strings. but raising is what pedagogues and other function theoretical accounts can. Deductions for Educators If an ELL comes into a category and expresses a alone behaviour that may be considered misbehaving. the instructor should first remain calm. cool. and corporate! The pupil may non be witting about how to move in the new school scene. Teachers should do instructional consciousness about how to believe. act. and take part in the schoolroom to assist assistance ELL’s ( Berg et al. . 2011 ) . If misconducting continues after proper direction the instructor may desire to progress to speaking in private with the pupil. describing day-to-day behaviour. and use structural wages plans. It is of import for the instructor with an ELL to document advancement every other hebdomad. Interventions with functional appraisals. household and pupil guidance. and other out side school plans can assist help the pupil who continues misconducting. Instructional consciousness has been reported to be extremely effectual by increasing societal accomplishments. and cut downing inappropriate behaviour in the schoolroom ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 ) . Cultural Differences and Academicians Cultural versions can be overpowering and nerve-racking for English Language Learners. Harmonizing to recent surveies. it takes 7 old ages to go proficient in the English Language ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . High outlooks are set for English Language Learners the pupils must accommodate to the new cultural. get a new linguistic communication and obtain new stuff in his or her class. ELL’s may non be adept with the English linguistic communication but their deficiency of proficiency does non enable them to be cognitively handicapped ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . Learning a new linguistic communication is a procedure non a undertaking that can be completed rapidly. Frustrated should neer be shown to an English Language Learner. The instructor should be cognizant of the phases an ELL will travel through when geting a new linguistic communication to avoid disproportionality. Deductions for Educators English-Language Learners will travel through a few phases at their ain academic gait when going familiar with the new linguistic communication. Teachers can short-circuit defeat by being concise about the stairss most English-Language Learners go through. The first measure is called the â€Å"silent stage† when introduced to the new linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . During this phase. pupils may stay soundless externally while the new information is being obtained internally. Outwardly marks of silence. gestural communicating. and short replies are healthy. An ELL will talk when ready. there should be no force per unit area put on a pupil to talk. Second. pupils will get down the â€Å"comfort phase â€Å"where they begin to go comfy pass oning utilizing short phrases instead than complete sentences ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . Praise from the teacher should be done on a regular basis when ELL’s get down to talk. Third. pupils will continue with the â€Å"fluency stage† ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . This phase is where ELL’s acknowledge what they speak does non sound like other English talkers and strikes the involvement to go fluent in the linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . These marks should non be taking factors that classify a pupil with a disablement unless silence licenses after proper direction. Disabilities within English-Language Learners There are 14 specified classs that are exceptionally prescribed by the federal jurisprudence that provides pupils with the right to have academic aid ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 p. 20 ) . For a pupil to have particular instruction. a long legal procedure is to be completed which includes: â€Å"identification. referral. rating. eligibility. IEP meetings an Hagiographas. and constitution of appropriate services† ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 p. 30 ) . Testing processs are accurate when proving a pupil whose dominant linguistic communication is English ; unluckily. the trial can go debatable when an ELL is tested ( Sullivan. 2012 ) . Although at that place has non been any processs set to enable a valid trial for ELL’s ; there has been several suggestions ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Deductions for Educators There are no federal Torahs set for ELL’s. but there are suggestions that instructors may desire to accommodate to clear up a disablement from a difference. Reviewing an ELL’s past instruction in their native linguistic communication has been reported as an effectual manner ; this construct helps pedagogues grasp what a pupil is capable of carry throughing ( Berg et. Al. . 2012 ) . Interpreters have been suggested to interpret the standardised trial for ELL pupils ; unluckily. translators can go expensive and will non vouch complete truth ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Monitoring a student’s behaviour outside of school may assist garner information about a behaviour job. Harmonizing to Barrera. ( as cited in Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . â€Å"educators have seen effectivity of the curriculum-based dynamic appraisal ( CDA ) . that is used for ELL’s with a questionable acquisition disability† ( p. 736 ) . CDA examines and evaluates the pupils larning abilities by let ing the pupil to show what they have learned after they learn it alternatively of proving the pupils knowledge at one time. CDA is still being researched but may be the following measure to supply valid categorization and a brighter hereafter for ELL’s ( Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . Distinguishing ELL’s can go a nerve-racking occupation for instructors with the force per unit area to avoid disproportionality. Professionalism and obtaining an open-mind can do designation less of a battle for pedagogues. Teachers who understand cultural differences in the schoolroom can assist help minor complications such as behavior jobs. English Language Learner’s are alone and bright pupils and pedagogues should be proud to be their instructor non pressured. Classroom and school systems are going greatly diverse and proper categorization should neer be taken lightly from pedagogues who are built on a steadfast foundation around equal instruction. Mentions Berg. H. . Petron. M. . A ; Greybeck. B. ( 2012 ) . Puting the foundation for working with English linguistic communication scholars in the secondary schoolroom. American secondary instruction. 40 ( 3 ) . 34-34 Retrieved September 15. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. ebscohost. com/lo gin. aspx? direct=true A ; db=a ph amp ; AN=78367019=ehost-live. Bursuck. W. D. . A ; Friend. M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2012 ) . Including pupils with particular demands: A practical usher for schoolroom instructors. Boston. MA: Pearson.Collier. C. ( 2011 ) . Seven stairss to dividing difference from disablement. Thousand Oaks. CA: Corwin.Huang. J. . Clarke. K. . Milczarski. E. . A ; Raby. C. ( 2011 ) . The appraisal of English linguistic communication scholars with larning diablities. issues. concerns. and deductions. Education. 131 ( 4 ) . 732-739. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals. Sullivan. A. L. ( 2011 ) . Disproportionality in particular instruction designation and arrangement of English linguistic communication scholars. Exceeding kids. 77 ( 3 ) . 317-334. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals.

Considerations When Choosing A Career

Considerations When Choosing A Career A few people are given an inner conviction that they must follow a certain occupation, irrespective of money, status or obligation to family. This applies to clergy, sometimes to doctors and nurses, and occasionally to teachers and social workers. So choosing a career includes many factors such as: capabilities, qualifications, personal problems and career goals. Most people choose a career taking into account these factors carefully.First, we refer to capabilities which are developed in college. To some, science comes easier than the arts, or vice versa. Given a particular bent, the wise course is to consult a career counselor, who will not only outline job opportunities but also discuss the student's potential. Any worthwhile career demands academic qualifications which are only obtained by successfully completing a course of higher education. This may be lengthy. To become a lawyer involves five years of training, a doctor, seven. This raises the question of tuition and maintenanc e fees.Students of Nan Hua High School gathering in the S...In many countries, success in examinations may lead to scholarships which may offset some of the expenses. In light of this, the student must be fairly certain of completing the training from the outset.Next, it is one thing to qualify for a job, another to get one. Therefore a realistic look at job opportunities at home is essential. Some students decide to qualify and then go overseas, either to get a job or to obtain a higher qualification, which will give them better openings back home. An essential thing for working or studying in a foreign country is a good, preferably colloquial, knowledge of the language. Another is to have friends or contacts in that country, and to be certain that one can face a high cost of living. The third, perhaps the most important, is the need for a work permit.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X - Essay Example Nevertheless, the two authors seem to share feelings regarding the white run American society in which they lived. The two authors put blame on the whites for the prevailing racism; however, they agree that it was up to the black s to end the problem. Although Malcolm X and King used the black society, they had their own notions of how to deal and stop racism because Malcolm X favored the use of violence while King acknowledged the need use a nonviolent approach. King in his essay suggests a peaceful revolution although he is aware of eminent violence if peaceful demonstrations are unheeded; however, Malcolm X uses a direct and an aggressive approach in his article. Although all whites were not involved in supporting the problem of racism because some were trying to help fight for the blacks, it took Malcolm X a lot of time to figure that out. Malcolm in his essay â€Å"A homemade education† points out that he never felt truly free in his life until the time he was in prison. King in his essay talks about overestimating goodness because he acknowledges that few members of a race that oppressed another can understand the yearnings of those that have been oppressed. However, even after finding out he never received much white support as he hoped but he never lost faith in the white community (King 1; Malcolm 121-127). King in addressing the issue uses resources and references from the bible and religious icons in getting attention of the clergymen regarding the laws of segregation. Although this was an indirect route, he managed to attain what he wanted. King’s response to the clergymen uses peaceful rhetoric in presenting his arguments; moreover, he uses religious metaphors and imagery throughout his work in order to show peacefulness. King uses religious metaphors because he understands that the audience is made up of religious leaders and capable of relating to the religious symbolism he uses. King uses religion to

Our foolish thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our foolish thoughts - Essay Example On the other hand, Gray Sloan in his essay "Sleuthing Patriotic Slogans" argues in satirical way about the words used in patriotic slogans. Since the time Sloan has been learning and teaching language, he has been also analyzing the grammar usage in today's patriotic slogans. Even though he finds errors in grammar structure of those slogans, he does not care much about that, because he concerns more about the meaning of those slogans. However, both authors are worried about the eloquence in today's public speeches and patriotic slogans would be used by people in power to hypnotize and fool American people. Jacoby uses the word "folks" as an example of the change in political terms. Politicians these days usually use the term "folks" to address Americans instead of â€Å"people or â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† like in the old days. Jacoby wonders why this term is used these days especially after she finds out that the term "folks" has never been used before as a political term. "The word "folks" was once a colloquialism with no political meaning" (395). She believes that using colloquial terms in today's public speeches is a way of isolating American people from political decisions, which downgrades them like if they were ineligible for such decisions. As she declares: The specific political use of folks as an exclusionary and inclusionary signal, designed to make speaker sound like one of the boys or girls, is symptomatic of a debasement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion of American culture standards. Casual colloquial language also conveys an implicit denial of the seriousness or whatever issue being debated: talking about folks going off to war is the equivalent of describing rape victims as girls (395). Unlike today's politicians, former leaders were trying to use simple words to let people understand their speech but without debasement of a public speech. However, Jacoby also concerns about the change of the term "soldiers" to " troops" by politicians and media. Jacoby states that some people in media or military media claim that the term "soldiers" would be offensive for women who have joined the army as "Dimwits", since they claim that the term "soldier" sounds masculine that is not true. Jacoby believes that the reason behind the change of that term is to magnify the news about the war and its losses. She links the change in both terms "folks" and "troops" to the debasement of speeches as she states: â€Å"Like unremitting appeals to folks, the victory of troops over soldiers offers an impressive illustration of the relationship between fuzzy thinking and the debasement of everyday speech" (396). Just as Jacoby who does not define the debase speech as one that simply uses prosaic grammar structure, Sloan almost has the same concerns about the signs and billboards, posters and stickers emblazoned with patriotic slogans such as "United We Stand," "Support the Troops," "Pray for the Troops," "Let Freedom R ing," "Home of the Brave," "God Bless America" which can be met everywhere in his hometown. His main argument is about the way the slogans are written and what they really mean. He analyzes those patriotic slogans and criticizes them satirically. In addition, he finds some of them are contradictive and unrealistic. For example, â€Å"Let Freedom Ring† and â€Å"United We Stand†, he believes that those two patriotic slogans are conflict with each other, as he wonders â€Å"

Next Generation Weather Satellites Research Paper

Next Generation Weather Satellites - Research Paper Example in this research paper called "Next generation weather satellites'', the author describes the perspective that our world can achieve with modern meteorological equipment. This theme is underlooked from the technical side, so this paper will be helpful for students of Technical faculties or Design. The author strongly believes that next generation weather satellites are still in production, while others are still in the design process for maximum efficiency and reliability possible, as well as operational life. As a result, there is a need to look at the next generational weather satellites based on their design and technological features onboard that are used for weather forecasting and planning purposes. The design of next generation weather satellites is dependent on a number of aspects, of which the cost of production is one, and this plays a crucial role in determining how soon these systems can be operational. As such, the cost of facilitating the creation of next generation wea ther satellites is high and therefore requires a large amount of capital. This is following the steps used in the design of different technologies used in this heavy equipment in that there are the design fees. Current programs in this venture of producing next generation weather satellites have faced significant constraints from financial pressure and shortcomings, where most of the projects to produce them have overrun their budgets. This paper consists of Introduction, Main part and Reference List. Download and get you highest A! The main reason for this lies with the fact that the components required to produce a single satellite are not required en masse, but are instead procured from different manufacturers, which makes the price high due to poor economies of scale based on wholesale and retail prices (Altium, 2012). Single components cost more than bulk component sales, thus there is need to consider the pricing in the designing of the next generation weather satellites based on price, where in spite of the high cost of design and production of the satellites, bulk production of the satellites is more viable due to lowering the cost of the components. In addition, another factor in the design of next generational weather satellites in relation to the cost is being cost effective in saving operational costs from older satellites that have been in orbit on in a geosynchronous position with earth. As such, designing these satellites based o efficiency is a feature to be considered as even current trends indi cate that studies have been done to assess the role of cost effectiveness in next generation weather satellites. Costs of factoring in and using next generation satellites based on improved modern technology are lower than the current satellites in orbit considering the resolution of images captured from technically and technologically advanced features to be found in next generation satellites (Gonzalez, 1998). Considering this, designing next generation weather satellites requires production of data such as maps and tracking of weather patterns at only a fraction of the conventional cost used in traditional satellites that are already in orbit. The above consideration in designing next generation satellites ensures that the functionality of these satellites is meant to overtake the current weather satellites by cutting down on their cost of operation in relation to resolutions and photographic units to be incorporated into the equipment. This is further to translate the cost of of fering access to the satellites, since there will be no need to keep analyzing the data from a third party point on the ground since all is taken care of from the satellites end. The above brings in the concept of technological inclusions in designing next generation weather satellites. In tis point, there is one key aspect to assess and analyze critically as it serves the central point in the entire satellite network for both existing and next generation. Sensors are what pick up information and

Psychology of Aesthetics: Overview of Theories

Psychology of Aesthetics: Overview of Theories How is aesthetic experience linked to familiarity and information? Critically discuss at least two theoretical perspectives and provide evidence based on the literature. The phenomenon of aesthetic experience refers to a preference judgement to sensory experience. This hedonic response has its roots from the philosopher Baumgarten 1750 (as cited in Reber et al, 2004) who likened the concept of sensation and perception pertaining to beauty, appreciation and art. The philosophical approaches influenced the endeavor to discover contributors to aesthetic experience. Conversely, Fechner adopted an empirical approach rather than the complex philosophical approaches to understanding aesthetic experiences. For instance, experimentation on stimulus properties and preference responses provided a more organized bottom – up approach. (Shimura and Palmer, 2014) Gestalt psychologists took on a holistic approach to the principles of perceptual organization. For instance, the principle of familiarity suggests that objects appear to be grouped if the groups are assured to be familiar or meaningful. (Goldstein, 2002) Another principle proposed is that stimulus patterns are pictured in a style that is the most simplistic. For example the Olympic symbol is not usually perceived as nine shapes within five circles but simply as five circles. Thus, Gesalt account does provide a reason into the perception of stimulus. However, Gesalt principles do not explain the role of familiarity and simplicity of information in aesthetic experience. (Goldstein, 2002) One explanation introduced by the processing fluency is the ease of processing information which consists of perceptual fluency and conceptual fluency. (Reber et al. 2004) Perceptual fluency refers to the ease of processing the perceptual features of a stimulus (Jacoby and Kelley,1987). Whilst, Conceptual fluency is the ease of processing the meaning of a stimulus, or the fluency of conceptually driven processing (Whittlesea, 1993). Prior exposure to stimuli can increase processing fleuncy this is the mere exposure effect report by Zajonc (1968) He theorized the more often an individual is exposed to an object the more likely they are to develop a preference for stimulus that is familiar than unfamiliar. He demonstrated the causal relation between mere exposure and attitude enhancement. Through a series of experiments nonsense words, Chinese ideographs and photographs of faces were presented in counter balanced order to participants and rated on a scale of how good or bad stimulus words meant and how favorable photographs were. Liking for a stimulus was found to be positively related to the amount of stimulus exposure. The proximity of experienced fluency and preference judgment can lead participants to misinterpret fluency as their preference reaction to the stimulus. Hence, repeated exposure of a stimulus increases perceptual fluency, which in turn increases the likelihood of misattribution to preference for stimulus. (Bornstein and D’Agostino, 1994).The mere exposure effect can provide an account for, different cultural preferences seen in society. For instance, Hannon et al. (2012) used simple rhythms common in American and Turkish music, complex rhythms common in Turkish music and highly complex rhythms not found in Turkish and American music. Turkish participants performed accurately in simple and complex conditions. However, they performed less accurately in highly complex condition. Conversely, Americans performed accurately when detecting disruptions to the simple rhythm. However, they performed less accurately on the complex and highly complex conditions. Nonetheless , the robustness of the mere exposure effect is controversial. Kali (1974) exposed children aged seven, nine and eleven years old to Chinese characters. Children then ranked the stimuli according to liking. The seven and nine year olds preferred the familiar characters and the eleven year olds preferred the novel stimuli. Another set of ranks taken three weeks after indicated that eleven year olds preferred the more familiar characters. It was proposed boredom effects intervened on preference ratings. Indeed, Borstein et al. (1990) suggests That, simple stimuli become boring in comparison to complex stimuli. Berlyne 1960,1974 (as cited in Messinger,1998) proposed that intermediate levels of information produce the highest ratings.Thus, Uncertainty of information is related to aesthetic preference in the inverted U shape function rather than the linear function proposed by the mere – exposure effect. Whilst, preference was based on stimulus related arousal, preference increases to maximal liking, as arousal potential reaches the optimal level. Furthermore, arousal leads to a decrease in liking thus displeasure increases. ( Martindale et al. 1990) This idea of information on preference derived from information theory which is based on mathematical principles. (Berlyne,1957) utilizing a logarithmic equation to measure information yielded by all possible combinations of a given number of stimuli. When there are equally likely possibilities in a stimulus set, the higher the figure the more informational stimulus tends to be, since more combinations are involved. Martindale et al. (1990) tested Berlyne’s predictions. In the first experiment they asked participants to rate their liking for a series of random polygons varying in size and number of turns. A rating scale has the advantage that it provides a degree of opinion rather than a binary response. Results indicated that polygons with ten turns were preferred and that size had no effect on preference. However, when the same experiment was repeated with a larger range of size and complexity levels. Preference was linearly related to complexity. This questioned the ecological validity and generalizability of Berlyne’s model. Martindale et al. (1990) This contradiction challenges the processing fluency account as a simple stimulus should be preferred as there is less information compared to complex stimulus. Perhaps the mediation of other factors plays an important role, such as expertise and expectation. Reber et al (2004) when expectections of complex stimuli are violated by e asy processing then this creates pleasure. Reber et al. (2004) Asethetic pleasure has been found to vary among experts and novices. People who are novices tend to prefer simple, protypical stimuli such as symmetry whereas experts prefer complex, asymmetrical stimuli. (McWhinnie, 1968) Preference for symmetrical sequences in body movement was investigated by Orgs et al. (2013). Participants were exposed to either symmetrical or asymmetrical sequences. Both groups, then rated the sequences. Results indicated that both groups rated symmetrical sequences higher. Participants in the asymmetrical group displayed an increase preference for asymmetrical sequences. This can be explained by the mere exposure effect. The influence of aesthetic preference on compositional structure and postural information may differ among novice and experts. Moreover, other behaviours such as the ability to identify the structure in aesthetic experience and if participants are asked to perform actions instead of using rating scales is to be explored. Jacobsen and Hoefel (2003) showed symmetrical and non symmetrical patterns and recorded whether participants judged them as beautiful or not beautiful. They correlated this to Event related potentials. The results indicated that symmetrical patterns were positively correlated to beautiful judgements. Aesthetic judgements related to anterior frontomedian and right hemisphere activation. This does provide an account of processing aesthetic appreciation occurring in specialized brain areas. Nevertheless, this correlation does not mean that specialized brain activation causes aesthetic preference for symmetrical patterns. Event related potentials (ERP) are difficult to detect in the electroencephalograms (EEGS) the ERP is combined with other electrical signals. However the procedure offers a non-invasive technique compared to other procedures which expose participants to radiation or injection. (Kolb and Wishaw, 2009) In addition, the variety of aesthetic preferences are not captured by the forced choice methods. Preference for symmetrical patterns may be due to fluent processing as there is less information to process. (Reber et al. 2004) The preference towards a given feature over another is not well explained. Bar and Neta (2006) Adopted an evolutionary perspective, they proposed sharp objects signal danger and curved objects signal safety. They found a preference for curved objects. Furthermore, there was no difference in reaction time, which challenges the perceptual fluency account. Findings support the mere exposure effect as real objects was preferred over novel patterns. Evolutionary perspective poses issues of falsification however, Carbon (2010) used realistic images of cars from 1950 to 1999 and found a preference for curved models, although fashion trends can also have an impact. The stimuli used is more realistic than rating polygons. In addition, this illustrates aesthetic experiences can change over time. The majority of the studies discussed explore aesthetic liking, however, many dimensions of aesthetic experiences exist. Such as, the pleasure of negative emotions is not captured well. In overview, the studies discussed suggest that the familiarity, novelty, complexity, simplicity of information plays an important role in aesthetic experiences. ( Zajonc,1968; Messinger ,1998) That is, preference for something is in between familiarity and novelty. As boredom intervenes with preference and familiarity. (Borstein et al.1990)Novelty can violate expectations and signal danger. (Reber et al.2004;Bar and Neta, 2006) This is similar for complex and simple information. Preference for something is between easy and challenging stimulus. ((McWhinnie,1968) Preference for things that is known can explain cultural differences in aesthetic experiences. (Hannon et al, 2012) Through neuroaesthetic approaches, specialized brain areas can be linked to aesthetic experience. (Jacobsen and Hoefel, 2003) Despite, different tastes neuroaesthetics can offer a way of investigating the underlying mechanisms involved in the aesthetic experience to generate a set of principles that influence aesthetic experiences. In a nutshell, the theoretical perspectives indicates detecting regularities and understanding information is something humans find aesthetically pleasing. References Bar.M,Neta.M (2006) Humans prefer curved visual objects. Psychological science,17,645-648. Berlyne.D.E. (1957) Uncertainity and conflict: A point of contact between information-theory and behaviour – theory concepts. The psychological review. 64,6. 329-339. Borstein.E.R,Kale.R.A,Cornell.R.K. (1990) Boredom as a Limiting Condition on the Mere Exposure Effect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.58, 5, 791-800 Borstein.R.F, D’Agostino.P.R. (1992) Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63, 545-552. Carbon.C.C. (2010) The cycle of preference: long –term dynamics of aesthetic appreciation. Acta psychologica, 134, 233-244. Goldstein.B.E (2002) Sensation and perception (6th edn) USA: Wadsworth. Hannon, E. E., Soley, G., Ullal, S. (2012, February 20). Familiarity Overrides Complexity in Rhythm Perception: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Turkish Listeners. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Jacobsen.T, Hoefel.L. (2003) Descriptive and evaluative judgement processes: Behavioural and electrophysical indices of processing symmetry and aesthetics. Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience.4, 289- 299. Jacoby, Larry L. and Colleen M. Kelley (1987),Unconscious Influences of Memory for a Prior Event, Personality Social Psychology Bulletin, 13 (March), 314-336. Kali.V.R (1974) Familarity and attraction to stimuli: Developmental change or methological artifact ? Journal of experimental child psychology. 18, 504 – 511. Kolb.B,Whishaw.Q.I (2009) Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. (6th edn) New York: Worth publishers. McWhinnie.J.H. (1968) A review of research on aesthetic measure. Acta psychologica. 28, 363-375. Martindale.C,Moore.K,Borkum.J. (1990) Aesthetic preference: Anomalous findings for berlyne’s psychobiological theory. The American journal of psychology. 103,1, 53-80. Messinger.M.S (1998) pleasure and complexity: Berlyne revisted. The journal of psychology. 132, 5, 558-560. Orgs.G,Hagura.N,Haggard.p (2013) learning to like it: Aesthetic perception of bodies, movements and choreographic structure. Consciousness and cogition. 22, 603-612. Reber.R,Schwarz.N,Winkielman.P. (2004) processing fleuncy and aesthetic pleasure: is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience ? Personality and social psychology review, vol: 8, 4, 364-382. Shimaura. P.A,Palmer. E.S.(2014) Aesthetic science connecting Minds, Brains and Experience. New York: Oxford university press. Whittlesea. A.W.B (1993) Illusions of familiarity. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, memory and cognition. 19,6,1235-1253. Zajonc. R.B (1968) Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social psychology. 9, 1- 27.

imbedded journalists Essay -- essays research papers

The embedding of journalists in Iraq has opened up many doors for the profession of journalism and for the United States military. Not only could the general public view the war from inside the battle, they witnessed the dirt raining on the troops as a rocket propelled grenade hits close to a battalions position and the soldiers wince as they are stung by a violent sandstorm. During the conflict, the United States military permitted news organizations to have a reporter travel with the ground troops in Iraq. This not only allowed reporters to record the battles from an up close and personal persepective, but it also allowed the public to see a the human side of the troops. Theoritically, this practice is an incredible opportunity for the military and the news organizations to mend their historically troubled relationship; however, in application it undermines everything that a journalist must do in order to accurately report the news, subjecting themselves to censorship and getting involved with a conflict. It is an ethics nightmare to think of all of the codes of the journalistic profession that are violated with this practice. Although it is better then the relationship between the press and the military has been for many years, it is still flawed and in desperate need of refinement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Vietnam War, censorship was at a minimum. War correspondants traveled freely through Vietnam, often with a military transport. The government was very...

Football Academies Child protection Essay

Key factors of an enhanced Centre of Excellence and Football Academies  Child protection  All staff to be screened and registered  Each centre to designate a member of staff responsible form child  Protection and awareness training  Development of child protection policy  Limitation on numbers of Centres of excellence per club  Grievance procedure  Agreed football calendar including 36 in-service training for all staff  Staff to be required to maintain personal CPD portfolios  Guide lines to parents with regard to registration, educational needs etc  Player coach ratios  Mandatory coaching for goal keepers. PROVISIONS FOR MALE AND FEMALE COMPETITORS Football has always been the people’s game; because anyone can play it almost anywhere- you just need a ball and some friends. For anyone wanting to play football seriously there are opportunities to take part in football across the country. The levels of football opportunities available will vary from 5a-side leagues played indoor or outdoor after work right up to 11a-side competitive leagues played usually at weekends.  Football is now officially the biggest women’s and girls sport in England. Research has shown that girls who want to play sport want to play football but just because you didn’t play when you were young doesn’t mean you can’t play now. There are over 800 women’s teams playing 11a-side competitive football every week throughout the August-May season. One of the reasons people get involved is because the equipment is so cheap. All you need a pair of shin pads, a pair of boots and the club usually supply the kit. If you want to get involved in football call the local rate line which will tell you of the teams available in your area and how you can join them. Call 0845 310 8555. PROVISIONS FOR DISABLED PARTICIPANTS There are currently six England squads for disabled participants. These are:  Blind-these people are classified according to their level of sight. Game is played on a solid surface. The football contains ball bearings so the players can hear the ball  Partially sighted-Players who have little sight in their eyes. Games played indoors with a size 4 ball, which doesn’t bounce, as much as the normal ones Deaf and hearing impaired-Average hearing loss of 55 decibels in the better ear. Players must not wear hearing aids  Cerebral palsy-Players must be ambulant. 7a-side, 2 halves of 30 mins  Learning disabilities- players must have an intellectual disability (IQ below 75)  Amputee-outfield either above or below the knee single amputees and goalkeepers are single arm amputees  The teams all receive official England kit, a physio a fully trained technical adviser and money towards travel costs for attending European and World champion ships.  The aim of this is to see EVERYONE have the chance to play football even if they have a disability it doesn’t stop them taking part in a separate game. CONCLUSION Overall I believe that the F.A. is doing nearly everything in its power to develop the game of football throughout the country and give just about everyone that wants a chance to play the option to participate. They are doing this through their initiatives for disabled and normal players and have made rule adaptations to fit their level sport. Although they are doing a lot, I believe they could do more by developing more courses for people who want to get involved with the more teaching side of football and make the option open for anyone who wants to attend a course i.e. coaching or referees easy access to areas close to home where they can participate.

SQ3R Method of Reading †Retain More Information

SQ3R Method of Reading - Retain More Information Throughout college and graduate school, you can expect to be assigned a great deal of reading,  and students who arent comfortable with reading or who feel like their skills are deficient will find it hard to succeed.  Attend class without having read and youll hurt only yourself. The most efficient students read with purpose and set goals. The SQ3R Method is designed to help you read faster and retain more information than ordinary reading methods. SQ3R stands for the steps in reading: survey, question, read, recite, review. It might seem like it takes more time to use the SQ3R method, but youll find that you remember more and have to reread less often. Lets take a look at the steps: Survey Before reading, survey the material. Glance through the topic headings and try to get an overview of the reading. Skim the sections and read the final summary paragraph to get an idea of where the chapter is going. Survey - dont read. Survey with purpose, to get a background knowledge, an initial orientation that will help you to organize the material as you read it. The surveying step eases you into the reading assignment Question Next, look at the first heading in the chapter. Turn it into a question. Create a series of questions to be answered in your reading. This step requires conscious effort but is worth it as it leads to active reading, the best way to retain written material. Asking questions focuses your concentration on what you need to learn or get out of your reading  -   it provides a sense of purpose. Read Read with purpose - use the questions as a guide. Read the first section of your reading assignment to answer your question. Actively search for the answers. If you finish the section and have not found an answer to the question, reread it. Read reflectively. Consider what the author is trying to say, and think about how you can use that information. Recite Once you have read a section, look away and try to recite the answer to your question, using your own words and examples. If you can do this, it means that you understand the material. If you cannot, glance over the section again. Once you have the answers to your questions, write them down. Review After reading the entire assignment, test your memory by reviewing your list of questions. Ask each one and review your notes. Youve created a set of notes that provide an overview the chapter.  You likely will not have to reread the chapter again. If youve taken good notes, you can use them to study for exams. As you review your notes, consider how the material fits with what you know from the course, experience, and other classes. What is the informations significance? What are the implications or applications of this material? What questions are you left with? Thinking about these bigger questions helps to place what youve read within the context of the course and your education - and is likely to lead to better retention. The extra steps of the SQ3R method may seem time-consuming, but they lead to a better understanding of the material so youll get more out of the reading with fewer passes. How many of the steps you follow is up to you. As you become more efficient you may find that you can read more - and retain more - with less effort. Regardless, if an assignment is important, be sure to take notes so that you dont have to reread it later.

The Martha Stewart Case

The Martha Stewart Case In March 2004, a jury found domestic diva Martha Stewart guilty of conspiracy, making false statements and obstruction of agency proceedings stemming from a sale of stock in biotech company ImClone Systems Inc. in December 2001. Stewart, however, was never charged with insider trading, all her charges were related to covering up information concerning the stock trade and obstructing the investigation. Latest Developments Martha Stewart Sends Thanksgiving Greetings Previous Developments Martha Stewart Begins Prison Term Government Withheld Evidence, Martha Stewart ClaimsOct 7, 2004Martha Stewarts appeals lawyers have accused federal prosecutors of withholding evidence that could have led to an acquittal in her trial on charges of lying to investigators about a stock sale. Martha Stewart to Serve Time at Camp CupcakeSept. 29, 2004Martha Stewart will begin serving her five-month prison sentence for lying about a stock sale at Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia, a minimum-security dubbed by locals as Camp Cupcake. Martha Stewart Headed to Prison Oct. 8Sept. 21. 2004A federal judge lifted the stay of Martha Stewarts five-month sentence to allow her to begin serving her five months in federal prison October 8 as she requested. Martha Stewart Asks to Begin Prison SentenceSept. 15, 2005Martha Stewart has asked to begin her five-month prison sentence as soon as possible instead of waiting for the appeals process in order to put this nightmare behind me. Martha Stewart Gets Five Months, Plans AppealJuly 16, 2004Martha Stewart was sentenced by a federal judge to serve five months in prison, but the domestic diva will not have to attempt living graciously behind bars anytime soon.

Health and Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Safety - Assignment Example First, the employees stop feeling proud to be associated with the company. Secondly, the careless accidents can instill fear on the employees on learning how they are working in poor conditions. Additionally, high cost-cutting and reduced infrastructure budget exposes the employees to more workplace hazards. Finally, these practices make the employees to lack role models. First, they can lead to fatal accidents that cause massive ecological damages, like the Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010, which can lead employees to lack confidence in the company (Balaguer, 2010). Secondly, they can lead the employees to take court action against the company. Thirdly, the employees may plan mass protest or strike which can paralyze the operations of the company. In addition, they can lead accidents, which cause death and injury to employees straining the relationship between the two parties. Lastly, they can lead the employees to question the company commitment to their safety and wellbeing. First, the BP operations license may suspend. Secondly, the company license may be revoked due to failure to meet the standards set. Thirdly, the authorities can close part of BP facilities they deem hazardous, like it happened in 2006 on some part of Prudhoe Bay oilfield in Alaska (Coy and Reed, 2010, p.53). Additionally, huge fines can be imposed on the company. Finally, the authorities make sure that the company cleans up the mess from accidents, pays damages, and contributes towards restoration of the ecology. First, they cost the company’s reputation a major blow once revealed. Secondly, the customers loose confidence in the company’s products turning to competitors. Thirdly, the public and customers may sue the company due to environmental damages. Further, the public and customers may shun the company’s social responsibility efforts. Lastly, due to

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Research Paper

Professional Knowledge and Abilities - Research Paper Example The association promotes professionalism in education through the provision of classroom mini-grants and scholarships designed specifically to help advance continuing education and student achievement. All members are eligible to apply for these grants and scholarships. Through the association newsletter, Education Matters, an easy-to-read and straight-to-the-point letter, members are updated with key issues in the education career. Indeed, featured articles with refreshing perspective in recent editions include â€Å"A Charter School Success Story in the Making†, â€Å"Reinventing Special Education†, Empowering Teachers to do Assessment† and â€Å"The Three Reasons We Must Teach History†. Furthermore, through the Individual Liability Insurance policy, the association guarantees $2,000,000 protection per occurrence, per member. In addition, the association’s Legal Protection benefits ensure that members have access to legal counsel at the onset of wo rkplace issues and Defense costs. The legal coverage takes care of legal action arising from out of duties.

Latin American Literature (Marquez) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin American Literature (Marquez) - Essay Example When he enters the kitchen on the morning the Bishop is expected, both the cook, Victoria Guzman, and her daughter, Divina Flora, know what Santiago Nasar will not learn for some time--that two men are waiting outside the house to kill him. (Marquez, p.15-19) They, like many others Santiago will cross in the short time before his death, do not warn him. When the narrator's mother hears the news of what is to happen to Santiago, she immediately sets out to warn Placida Linero that her son is in danger, but is stopped in the street and told that "they've already killed him." The twins even reveal their plans to a policeman who passes on the information to the mayor, yet even that does not stop the murder. On her wedding night, Angela furious husband returns Angela to her family. This is seen as violence to her family, especially in the conventions of the time where such an act brings shame to both Angela and her family. As one might expect, she is now put under a lot of pressure to tel l her family who it was that took her virginity.

Who Inspires Me Essay Example for Free

Who Inspires Me Essay Some people think that for someone to inspire you the person still has to be alive. Well in my case I just recently lost the person that inspired me the most. My father, he was the person whom I asked about money, about how to get better at playing golf and about anything else I needed help with. Wesley Doolen Morgan was a sensitive and caring man, who didn’t like to show emotion much. He never said â€Å"I love you† to us, but we all knew he did. When we needed help with buying school supplies or just advice on how to save money he was the one to ask. He may not have been good with money himself but he could teach us what not to do by what he did as an example. Wes had an example for everything we asked like, how do I start a bank account? His answer was â€Å"well not like this then go into a story of how he had messed up. Dad was the ultimate golfer. He had been teaching me to golf since I could walk, and I still love it. Golfing was dads sport, he tried to always do better and encourage me and my brother to try our hardest. Sometimes he lost his temper and started to yell but he always made up for it by ice cream or extra gas money. My brother and I were so proud of how much dad stuck to playing golf and my fathers dedication to teaching beau and I was what made us so proud. That is pure dedication. As you noticed my dad had a long life and I’m proud of what he has done. He was also a sergeant in the Marine Corps. That told me he didn’t mind a challenge. Daddy loved having control and that’s why he worked hard to get up to a sergeant. Im so inspired by how much my dad has helped not only his family but his friends he inquired over the years. He was greatly loved and is missed tremendously by his friends and family.

The use of the loose coupling theory

The use of the loose coupling theory Loose coupling theory proposes that different parts of an organization are loosely related to one another. This can be understood as that different divisions of an organization are loosely coupled with one another, i.e. activities in the higher education department are loosely coupled to those in the English department activities in one department have a minimal impact, or take a long time to show up, in the other. The main thesis of his article is to argue that there are seven pros and corresponding cons of loose couplings. According to Weick (1976), loose coupling is a cognitive response to an environment of constant change, in which connections, networks, diffusion, imitation, and social comparison are less prevalent. The loose coupling systems (LCSs) are uncoordinated and have greater differentiation among components, high degrees of specialization among workers, and low predictability of future action, including change. In general, loosely coupled systems probably are cheaper t o coordinate, but are very difficult to systematically change. The goal of Weicks article is to show that all organizations do not function with tight linkages some organizations, like educational systems, are more loose, which may create more difficult problems for researchers. The loosely coupled approach has a strong parallel in more recent approaches to viewing organizations as complex systems, which has attracted considerable interest among management and organizational theorists. Birnbaum argues that complex systems such as collegial or bureaucratic institution models provide insights to the analysis of LCSs. Complex systems are bottom-up phenomena, also defined as systems comprising large numbers of agents in highly connected webs, can display both high levels of order and disorder. Importantly, order in complex systems is usually a result of micro-structuring processes that provide for robust self-organization. This form of order is not dependent on hierarchical control but is distributed, and it can lead to system-wide stability (or instability). Complex systems do well when they engage in a search for healthier and better-off states, otherwise searches are directed from the top down, and system will likely settle into only moderately fit states. Al so systems must be relatively free to interact with other systems until good fitting strategies are found. Complex systems have slow response times not because they are any slower than simpler systems in detecting environmental threats and opportunities, but because the process of adjustment takes longer. Educational systems demonstrate considerable robustness and resilience in the face of both environmental and intended change, thus the key is to focus on relationships and the building of similar behavior based around trust. Weick (1976) notes that more loosely coupled organizations offer advantages in complex environments. More autonomous groups may be more sensitive to environmental change, and offer more simultaneously adaptation to conflicting demands at the institutional level. If problems develop in one part of the system, it can be sealed off from the rest of the system. Efforts to create a less loosely coupled system or to control and centralize have not altered the overall complex system, which still remains loosely coupled. The concept of LCS is crucial to Rhoades argument about strategic activity. While Weicks strengths and challenges related to LCSs are positioned in difficulties to change organizations systematically, Rhoades approach calls for development of strategic activity through managerialism. Rhoades emphasizes that managerialism and market approaches are two sets of ideas that recently have influenced educational decision-making processes. The problem with these ideas, especially in loosely tight educational organizations, is that although it provided some change, it may not provide a basis for future improvement in education, especially in student learning. Within this model there is an assumption that there is a tight coupling between education policy (e.g. curriculum) and how teachers teach. Where improved performance is sought it is pursued through the manipulation of formal mechanisms such as rules, procedures, rewards or changed evaluation. Bureaucratic hierarchies have however been in creasingly criticized for being non-responsive and inefficient means for organizing public administration. With respect to education, they have certainly proven resistant to change. Managerial initiative is important to Rhoades in moving the universities forward, which is in contrast with loose couplings assumption where planned change has a low predictability as is unlikely to be successful within loose coupling environment. Loose coupling concept also poses some problems for leaders who want to change their organizations. Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) were well aware of this problem of change in loosely coupled systems. They argued that administrators could get around it by finding ways to tighten the coupling patters in their organizations, such as reorganization and stabilization of exchange relationships. The idea was to reduce internal and external variability in the system so that it could be more easily controlled. Thus, loosely coupled organizations can embrace change because its impact is limited. For instance, the English department can change without any punishment if no other departments are affected by its changes the loosely coupled organization as a whole isolates and neutralizes disturbance; however, change is slow. External as well as internal influences are absorbed by this organizational structure. So, the individual departments are not themselves typically difficult to change; rather, the problem lies in getting the entire organization to change, in diffusing the change across the networks. Birnbaum (1988) clearly articulates that to strengthen academic leadership, one must reform structures, adopt more rationalized management systems, and increase the power of executive leadership to make faster, more efficient, and more effective decisions, but for leadership to be effective within LCS, communication has to be present as a sense of general openness in institutional governance and climate. Leaders create organized disorder in which dynamic things happen at multiple locales within the system, thus creating a new behavior rather than controlling organizational activities. Also, the application of data to interaction permits information to influence preferences and possibilities, and that leads to decisions grounded in reality. It is not only about collection, analysis, and dissemination of data, but also about different constituents being interested in that data a nd how it interacts (Birnbaum, 1988). The interaction leads not only to positive administrative decision-making, but also to being rational and looking for consensus among loosely coupled units. Complex organizations cannot function effectively over the long term without leaders to coordinate the activities, represent them, and symbolize the institutional purpose (Birnbaum, 1988). As to administrative decision-making, Weick (1976) notices that LCSs are difficult to change systematically, thus any decision-making change that has to be discussed will encounter a problem of systematic change. The issue with implementation of any administrative change will always come down to the fact that teaching is isolated work and improving instruction is strictly a matter of individual initiative. Thus, the problem with administrative decision-making in LCS is that colleges do not show any collective impact on student learning. The problem with it is also that decision-making is explicitly and directly concerned with the instructional core of education by arguing that educational institutions and their faculty and staff need to be accountable for student learning. Moreover, loose coupling implies that the source of an effect may be located at a considerable distance in time or organizational structure from the effect itself, thus amplification of non-linear cycles makes it p ossible for an insignificant decision to have a major effect as it moves through the system over time (Birnbaum, 1988, p. 71). Birnbaum describes this as butterfly effect and indicates that cause and effect are difficult to predict or determine in loose coupling model. Moreover, circular systems that he describes may also imply about administrative decision-making. He encourages thinking in circles as thinking of unintended consequences that may arise with complexity of how things interact. Although, institutional prestige, faculty morale, student enrollment, and sense of community are crucial for this model, the feedback loops are missing from this model as well as culture of the organization. Also, local adaptations will not always assist with generating efficient responses to system-wide challenges in a decision-making process. Loose coupling implies slow diffusion of central initiatives. As a consequence, the administrator would have to start projects earlier, start more project s, start projects in a greater variety of places, and even talk more frequently about those projects that have been started. The perspective of educational systems as being loosely coupled seems to be weak at explaining one major decision making fact that approaches to schooling have remained remarkably uniform across geography and time. If education systems are loosely coupled, diverse practices should emerge in response to differing local needs and differing ideas about education. Loose coupling can account for the diversity of ways in which units implement different decisions; for instance, the RCM is the way to find innovative options to strengthen individual units where the center does not correlate with units (Rhoades, 2000). In order to improve administrative decision-making, the administrator should emphasize the role of interaction among an organizations members, as well as collaboration and negotiation as methods to determine how decisions should be carried. 2. The Mode 2 knowledge production model is perhaps the most well-known term used to indicate the impact of changes for the university sector. Gibbons et. al.(1994) in the mid-1990s presented their Mode 2 theory saying that university researchers, who previously most often worked on internal disciplinary Mode 1 problems, were now more inclined to involve themselves closely in industrial and governmental research collaborations. Economical factors were seen to be the drivers, as closer relations between university research and industry developed to meet competition from the growing economies. This trend prompted new organizations such as think tanks or hybrid organizations, which often were places where the new front research was to be found. Gibbons et. al. referred to these as Mode 2 organizations, seeing them as generic for the whole research landscape. It seems that Mode 2 model especially in research area was a result of a general economic development towards post-industrialism. Moreover, mode 2 knowledge production model is application-based, and can be explored in an interdisciplinary fashion. As such, the emergence of Mode 2 production would not eclipse Mode 1 methods entirely. In a resource-seeking environment, Mode 2 would likely be more attractive to outside funding agencies and investors due to its application-based principles. Mode 2 may not lead to increased social accountability rather than being held to social values, Mode 2 knowledge would respond to market values, thus will privilege certain kinds of knowledge over others. In this sense, Mode 2 is related to academic capitalism that proposes market-relevant knowledge production. From an academic capitalism perspective, Mode 2 can have a tendency to focus on disciplines with well-known possibilities for commercial use, i.e. technology and medicine, whereas other disciplines may be mostly ignored. By the same token, since both concepts are normative, the system of norms may be well affected especially among traditional researchers within social sciences. In this area, internal interests for research questions seem to be far away from industrys interest for commercial products or the governments interest for useful results. However, one can make an argument supporting Mode 2 and somehow against the notions of academic capitalism. It has to be noticed that Mode 2 would not push research outside of the university, but rather that applied science and the facilities for training researchers would make university-industry relations stronger. For instance, the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and related intellectual property legislation profoundly affected the commercial poten tial of government-sponsored research and still allowed research to be conducted within the realm of universities walls. Thus, technology transfer was quite symbolic and the Act was a step toward developing a social exchange between university science and society. In this sense, Mode 2 can be seen as a positive engine that transformed the public research model. Moreover, knowledge production is crucial because knowledge society seen through the lens of academic capitalism would focus more on the activities of higher education institutions in the two countries in a particular regional sphere. Thus, the argument may take us to propositions of globalization and internationalization. A critique that may arise from academic capitalism proponents is the fact that there is no support for a merger of interests between researchers and industry. Researchers at the institutes (or centers of excellence) instead devote their precious time to a shorter research perspective that is strictly coming from the industry or directed toward it. This process was seen as influenced by reductions in state-support, an explanation quite close to the one put forward by Slaughter Leslie (1997). Thus, Mode 2 may jeopardize a strictly public focus of research universities when these start heavily getting involved with the industry. Even though Mode 2 involves multidisciplinary teams brought together for short periods of time to work on specific problems in the real world, this concept, from strictly academic capitalism critique, may not show any organizational diversity, which is at the core of academic capitalism. Also, academic capitalism may criticize Mode 2 as a concept of political i deology rather than a descriptive theory that academic capitalism claims to be. As for similarities, both concepts apply that there are three major actors in science university, industry and government and these extend beyond their former specific areas and change their former roles in closer collaborations for the benefit of economic development of society, thus academic capitalism partly confirms the claims of rising Mode 2. From the perspective of institutional theory, Mode 2 is a problem related to institutional structures. From an institutional theory standpoint, there are templates for organizing institutions that are implicitly understood and translated to new members of an organization. Moreover, these templates are interpretive schema, underlying values and assumptions, similar to mental models (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Scott, 1995). Templates of institutional behavior create resistance to change. One concept within the institutional theory that has regularly been applied to higher education institutions to explain change is institutional isomorphism (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), which suggests that institutions do not change as a result of a competitive market, external pressures or efficiency, but rather through the force of homogenization, striving to be like other types of colleges perceived to be elite. Mode 2 contrasts with institutional theory in the sense of the concept of change because influence of market and other external forces (such as NGOs or TNOs) create a high degree of heterogeneity among institutions. Institutional isomorphism also suggests that institutions tend not to be distinctive in their identity development or image, while Mode 2 emphasizes on organizations that do not have to necessarily conform to the rules and belief systems prevailing in the existing environment. For instance, older and well-established universities with strong cultures will have more specific power to resist change, while other institutions may be more vulnerable to market ideas. Since universities are complex and conflicted organizations, the institutional isomorphism that is projected by institutional theory may be one of the limitations of this theory to encourage distinctiveness and diversity of HED institutions. A critique that might arise from the institutional theory perspective is that the institutions have to learn to share their resources (physical, intellectual and  ¬Ã‚ nancial) with other kinds of knowledge producing institutions. According to Janson (2002), this task may be very difficult to accomplish considering that universities have held the monopoly among knowledge producers. Mode 2 is a threat to this status quo by encouraging alliances as well as collaborative relationships with other knowledge producers. Another critique from an IT standpoint is that Mode 2 would change standards of evaluation and accreditation as well as success and progression that would encourage more of a multidisciplinary context. For IT proponents, disciplinary boundaries are important, thus not only is traditional career path model being challenged by Mode 2, but also the nature of the undergraduate curriculum. Mode 2 is not the only knowledge production model that is challenging the more traditiona l, basic sciences model, but globalization and internationalization as well. According to Gibbons (1994), knowledge is transdisciplinary, problem-oriented, application-based, team-driven, multi-sited, partnership-based, socially useful, heterogeneous, quality controlled, re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ective and responsive, and less hierarchical than disciplinary knowledge of the kind produced in universities, that is being characterized as typically centered on disciplines, with academic hierarchies, more norm-concentrated, authoritative in regards to social behavior as well as concerned with homogeneity. Another critique is that it will be hard to protect academia from worldwide economic trends as well as production of knowledge in purely economic terms. Because Mode 2 is strictly defined in economic terms, all institutions may have a tendency for duplication and may follow one economic trend in order to survive. Scott (1995) indicates that, in order to survive, organizations must conform to the rules and belief systems prevailing in the environment because institutional isomorphism, both structural and procedural, will earn the organization legitimacy (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Meyer and Rowan, 1977). The institutional theory claims that change is less likely to happen within or among organizations, while Mode 2 encourages change especially toward the private sector being more entrepreneurial and challenging the traditional values found especially in higher education institutions. While institutional theory supports traditional values of HED institutions, Mode 2 encourages growth o f those hybrid organizations that capitalize on connections to teaching, research, and service. 4. The most important differentiation is that the concepts of globalization and internationalization that are characterized by glonacal agency heuristic (GAH) are situated above the level of nation-state. GAH as a method of thought focuses on institutions, positions, agency, and structure at three levels: national, local, and global. The concept focuses on colleges and universities (and units and faculty within them) as global agents, encouraging studies of activity and stratification regionally and internationally. However, it is not a method of positioning yourself relative to others. Globalization is not universal, because it does not feel the same for everyone, thus it is not inevitable. In this respect, globalization is uneven and asymmetrical. Moreover, the pressure that it is felt as an institution most of the time mediates. For instance, even if the pressure comes from a national or global context, the local arena may be able to mediate things. For instance, Raytheon company has a heavy involvement on the University of Arizona, however does not have hardly any on Pima Community College. On the other hand, the PCC has a pressure from auto repair industry in cooperation with Jim Click to have mechanics to fix cars. Thus, GAH provides a different response of institutions to globalization. It seems that for GAH there is no separation between globalization and internationalization because both are a total of complex interactions of human and institutional agencies at local, national, and global levels. Marginson and Rhoades (2002) define two types of agency: human agency and institutional agency. For them, it is all about positioning things not individuals. For instance, a supranational agency such as the World Bank has an im pact in developing countries, and the whole impact is being driven by market forces; thus individuals do not shape the globalization process. It takes a lot of agencies to understand what is going on and understand and find a point of where we could resist the impact. According to GAH there is limited analysis of the complex agencies and processes that define them; no global dimension to analyze yet. Thus, with it more comparative studies need to be conducted to know human agency better and also local dimensions institutions and agents. While depicting GAH, the authors base their concept on Clarks description of academic profession that is structured by a triangle, in which market-state is a starting point, from which everything spills over to disciplines and professions as well to government and management. Knight (2004) replies to this issue with the process of internationalization that is supposed to be happening on a continuum basis. Her concept of internationalization is chara cterized similar to Clarks description as a triangle, in which interactions may be of hexagonal shape, but the whole process of internationalization will happen on a continuum basis. For Knight, globalization/internationalization is binary and is an omnipresent force that institutions have to respond to. It is similar to the Newtonian account of action and reaction. However, unlike Marginson and Rhoades, she is interested in institutions approaches (the ways in which they internationalize) and their rationale (why you are doing it explanations and goals), and how they interconnect (by preparing students to exist in global society or bringing in faculty from around the world). Thus, reciprocity is of important value to this concept. It is up to you how you are changing the world. So in that sense, Knight disagrees with Marginson and Rhoades that there is opportunity for everyone to progress. It is worth mentioning that the concept of internationalization is often confused with globalization (Altbach, 2004). The main difference is that globalization may not be unalterable, but internationalization is a process involving many choices. Globalization tends to concentrate wealth, knowledge, and power in those already possessing these elements, thus diminishing the importance of peripheries. International academic mobility similarly favors well-developed education systems and institutions, thereby compounding existing inequalities. Initiatives and programs, coming largely from the north, are focused on the south. The key here is that Altbach summarizes programs and activities relevant to the American study abroad tradition while Knight emphasizes on internationalization as a process. For Knight, internationalization is a two-way street that serves important needs. For Altbach, the concept is focused largely on the south-north spectrum, where students move primarily from south to north, where north controls the process. In this sense, Altbachs approach is based on radical dependency theory that relies on neo-colonialism core. Also, I got an impression that Knights concept of internationalization is not focused on economic (mostly financial) ends. Instead, internationalization is supposed to enhance research, knowledge, and cultural understanding. For instance, one of the initiatives may include study-abroad experiences or enrichment of curriculum through offering a major in international studies or other area studies. Deeply in the core, it does not seem that the process is intended to bring financial profits, but strategically implemented will enhance competitiveness and institutional prestige. However, the process itself, if not controlled, may focus too much on institutional strategies and policies while excluding national governments. In the same aspect, I could sense a tint of skepticism in Altbachs approach in regards to an economic trend of globali zation. Even though he acknowledges the trend and claims it is inevitable, he emphasizes on negative aspects of internationalization as a process that will further diminish the intellectual as well as cultural sides within the developing countries. In addition, Knights definition of internationalization seems to limit itself to the teaching function of the institution by concentrating on the expansion of international curriculum. Although both articles of Altbach and Knight are written in the same year, it seems that Altbach hardly mentions supranational organizations while Knight already acknowledges the new trend proclaiming that not only institutions and national policy makers alone are driving the internationalization, but supranational organizations as well. The tendency for Knight is to look at challenges that globalization presents us from an insider perspective how institutions as well as individuals react to globalization through internationalization, while Altbachs approach can be seen from the outsider perspective that acknowledges institutions, but not the processes and individuals within.