Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample free essay sample

Carry throughing the Appropriate Needs for English Language Learners The American schoolroom is of all time altering because desks are being filled with pupils who have progressively diverse backgrounds. Many of these pupils need to be taught the English Language while in school. these pupils are known as English-Language Learners or ELL’s ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . â€Å"Culturally and linguistically different pupils can resemble a disablement. but can besides dissemble an unmet disability† ( Collier. 2012 ) . That being said. it’s of import for instructors to to the full understand where an ELL is fighting. English-Language Learners can fight from the procedure of larning a new linguistic communication. cultural differences. or a disablement. Disproportionality has been known to be an educational concern sing ELL’s ; speedy referrals to particular instruction without appropriate logical thinking has caused loss of academic land in pupils ( Haung. Cl arke. Milczarski. A ; Raby. 2011 ) . When working with English-Language Learner’s many of their demands can travel unmet ; this usher provides deductions to assistance instructors and job work outing squads with the cognition to acknowledge a civilization difference from a disablement to diminish disproportion. We will write a custom essay sample on Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cultural Differences and Behavior If a instructor does non cognize how old the student’s are. how does he or she know what course of study to cover? Metaphorically. this represents the importance of understanding cultural diverseness as a instructor. Dr. Catherine Collier. who is presently a manager of Cross Cultural Developmental Education Services. defines civilization as. † how we organize our behaviours. communicating. values. and emotions† ( Collier. 2012. p. 496 ) . Culture reflects nature ; in the nature vs. raising argument. Educators should be cognizant of how much nature can impact a child’s upbringing and behaviour ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . When a instructor encounters a pupil who comes from an progressively diverse background. it is wise for the instructor to acquire every bit much background information about the student’s civilization before he or she enters the category. By obtaining this cognition before manus. the opportunities of placing an Ell with an emotiona l perturbation or a learning disablement can be decreased. Nature is what a kid can non pull strings. but raising is what pedagogues and other function theoretical accounts can. Deductions for Educators If an ELL comes into a category and expresses a alone behaviour that may be considered misbehaving. the instructor should first remain calm. cool. and corporate! The pupil may non be witting about how to move in the new school scene. Teachers should do instructional consciousness about how to believe. act. and take part in the schoolroom to assist assistance ELL’s ( Berg et al. . 2011 ) . If misconducting continues after proper direction the instructor may desire to progress to speaking in private with the pupil. describing day-to-day behaviour. and use structural wages plans. It is of import for the instructor with an ELL to document advancement every other hebdomad. Interventions with functional appraisals. household and pupil guidance. and other out side school plans can assist help the pupil who continues misconducting. Instructional consciousness has been reported to be extremely effectual by increasing societal accomplishments. and cut downing inappropriate behaviour in the schoolroom ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 ) . Cultural Differences and Academicians Cultural versions can be overpowering and nerve-racking for English Language Learners. Harmonizing to recent surveies. it takes 7 old ages to go proficient in the English Language ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . High outlooks are set for English Language Learners the pupils must accommodate to the new cultural. get a new linguistic communication and obtain new stuff in his or her class. ELL’s may non be adept with the English linguistic communication but their deficiency of proficiency does non enable them to be cognitively handicapped ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . Learning a new linguistic communication is a procedure non a undertaking that can be completed rapidly. Frustrated should neer be shown to an English Language Learner. The instructor should be cognizant of the phases an ELL will travel through when geting a new linguistic communication to avoid disproportionality. Deductions for Educators English-Language Learners will travel through a few phases at their ain academic gait when going familiar with the new linguistic communication. Teachers can short-circuit defeat by being concise about the stairss most English-Language Learners go through. The first measure is called the â€Å"silent stage† when introduced to the new linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . During this phase. pupils may stay soundless externally while the new information is being obtained internally. Outwardly marks of silence. gestural communicating. and short replies are healthy. An ELL will talk when ready. there should be no force per unit area put on a pupil to talk. Second. pupils will get down the â€Å"comfort phase â€Å"where they begin to go comfy pass oning utilizing short phrases instead than complete sentences ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . Praise from the teacher should be done on a regular basis when ELL’s get down to talk. Third. pupils will continue with the â€Å"fluency stage† ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . This phase is where ELL’s acknowledge what they speak does non sound like other English talkers and strikes the involvement to go fluent in the linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . These marks should non be taking factors that classify a pupil with a disablement unless silence licenses after proper direction. Disabilities within English-Language Learners There are 14 specified classs that are exceptionally prescribed by the federal jurisprudence that provides pupils with the right to have academic aid ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 p. 20 ) . For a pupil to have particular instruction. a long legal procedure is to be completed which includes: â€Å"identification. referral. rating. eligibility. IEP meetings an Hagiographas. and constitution of appropriate services† ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 p. 30 ) . Testing processs are accurate when proving a pupil whose dominant linguistic communication is English ; unluckily. the trial can go debatable when an ELL is tested ( Sullivan. 2012 ) . Although at that place has non been any processs set to enable a valid trial for ELL’s ; there has been several suggestions ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Deductions for Educators There are no federal Torahs set for ELL’s. but there are suggestions that instructors may desire to accommodate to clear up a disablement from a difference. Reviewing an ELL’s past instruction in their native linguistic communication has been reported as an effectual manner ; this construct helps pedagogues grasp what a pupil is capable of carry throughing ( Berg et. Al. . 2012 ) . Interpreters have been suggested to interpret the standardised trial for ELL pupils ; unluckily. translators can go expensive and will non vouch complete truth ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Monitoring a student’s behaviour outside of school may assist garner information about a behaviour job. Harmonizing to Barrera. ( as cited in Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . â€Å"educators have seen effectivity of the curriculum-based dynamic appraisal ( CDA ) . that is used for ELL’s with a questionable acquisition disability† ( p. 736 ) . CDA examines and evaluates the pupils larning abilities by let ing the pupil to show what they have learned after they learn it alternatively of proving the pupils knowledge at one time. CDA is still being researched but may be the following measure to supply valid categorization and a brighter hereafter for ELL’s ( Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . Distinguishing ELL’s can go a nerve-racking occupation for instructors with the force per unit area to avoid disproportionality. Professionalism and obtaining an open-mind can do designation less of a battle for pedagogues. Teachers who understand cultural differences in the schoolroom can assist help minor complications such as behavior jobs. English Language Learner’s are alone and bright pupils and pedagogues should be proud to be their instructor non pressured. Classroom and school systems are going greatly diverse and proper categorization should neer be taken lightly from pedagogues who are built on a steadfast foundation around equal instruction. Mentions Berg. H. . Petron. M. . A ; Greybeck. B. ( 2012 ) . Puting the foundation for working with English linguistic communication scholars in the secondary schoolroom. American secondary instruction. 40 ( 3 ) . 34-34 Retrieved September 15. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. ebscohost. com/lo gin. aspx? direct=true A ; db=a ph amp ; AN=78367019=ehost-live. Bursuck. W. D. . A ; Friend. M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2012 ) . Including pupils with particular demands: A practical usher for schoolroom instructors. Boston. MA: Pearson.Collier. C. ( 2011 ) . Seven stairss to dividing difference from disablement. Thousand Oaks. CA: Corwin.Huang. J. . Clarke. K. . Milczarski. E. . A ; Raby. C. ( 2011 ) . The appraisal of English linguistic communication scholars with larning diablities. issues. concerns. and deductions. Education. 131 ( 4 ) . 732-739. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals. Sullivan. A. L. ( 2011 ) . Disproportionality in particular instruction designation and arrangement of English linguistic communication scholars. Exceeding kids. 77 ( 3 ) . 317-334. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals.

Considerations When Choosing A Career

Considerations When Choosing A Career A few people are given an inner conviction that they must follow a certain occupation, irrespective of money, status or obligation to family. This applies to clergy, sometimes to doctors and nurses, and occasionally to teachers and social workers. So choosing a career includes many factors such as: capabilities, qualifications, personal problems and career goals. Most people choose a career taking into account these factors carefully.First, we refer to capabilities which are developed in college. To some, science comes easier than the arts, or vice versa. Given a particular bent, the wise course is to consult a career counselor, who will not only outline job opportunities but also discuss the student's potential. Any worthwhile career demands academic qualifications which are only obtained by successfully completing a course of higher education. This may be lengthy. To become a lawyer involves five years of training, a doctor, seven. This raises the question of tuition and maintenanc e fees.Students of Nan Hua High School gathering in the S...In many countries, success in examinations may lead to scholarships which may offset some of the expenses. In light of this, the student must be fairly certain of completing the training from the outset.Next, it is one thing to qualify for a job, another to get one. Therefore a realistic look at job opportunities at home is essential. Some students decide to qualify and then go overseas, either to get a job or to obtain a higher qualification, which will give them better openings back home. An essential thing for working or studying in a foreign country is a good, preferably colloquial, knowledge of the language. Another is to have friends or contacts in that country, and to be certain that one can face a high cost of living. The third, perhaps the most important, is the need for a work permit.

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X - Essay Example Nevertheless, the two authors seem to share feelings regarding the white run American society in which they lived. The two authors put blame on the whites for the prevailing racism; however, they agree that it was up to the black s to end the problem. Although Malcolm X and King used the black society, they had their own notions of how to deal and stop racism because Malcolm X favored the use of violence while King acknowledged the need use a nonviolent approach. King in his essay suggests a peaceful revolution although he is aware of eminent violence if peaceful demonstrations are unheeded; however, Malcolm X uses a direct and an aggressive approach in his article. Although all whites were not involved in supporting the problem of racism because some were trying to help fight for the blacks, it took Malcolm X a lot of time to figure that out. Malcolm in his essay â€Å"A homemade education† points out that he never felt truly free in his life until the time he was in prison. King in his essay talks about overestimating goodness because he acknowledges that few members of a race that oppressed another can understand the yearnings of those that have been oppressed. However, even after finding out he never received much white support as he hoped but he never lost faith in the white community (King 1; Malcolm 121-127). King in addressing the issue uses resources and references from the bible and religious icons in getting attention of the clergymen regarding the laws of segregation. Although this was an indirect route, he managed to attain what he wanted. King’s response to the clergymen uses peaceful rhetoric in presenting his arguments; moreover, he uses religious metaphors and imagery throughout his work in order to show peacefulness. King uses religious metaphors because he understands that the audience is made up of religious leaders and capable of relating to the religious symbolism he uses. King uses religion to

Our foolish thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our foolish thoughts - Essay Example On the other hand, Gray Sloan in his essay "Sleuthing Patriotic Slogans" argues in satirical way about the words used in patriotic slogans. Since the time Sloan has been learning and teaching language, he has been also analyzing the grammar usage in today's patriotic slogans. Even though he finds errors in grammar structure of those slogans, he does not care much about that, because he concerns more about the meaning of those slogans. However, both authors are worried about the eloquence in today's public speeches and patriotic slogans would be used by people in power to hypnotize and fool American people. Jacoby uses the word "folks" as an example of the change in political terms. Politicians these days usually use the term "folks" to address Americans instead of â€Å"people or â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† like in the old days. Jacoby wonders why this term is used these days especially after she finds out that the term "folks" has never been used before as a political term. "The word "folks" was once a colloquialism with no political meaning" (395). She believes that using colloquial terms in today's public speeches is a way of isolating American people from political decisions, which downgrades them like if they were ineligible for such decisions. As she declares: The specific political use of folks as an exclusionary and inclusionary signal, designed to make speaker sound like one of the boys or girls, is symptomatic of a debasement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion of American culture standards. Casual colloquial language also conveys an implicit denial of the seriousness or whatever issue being debated: talking about folks going off to war is the equivalent of describing rape victims as girls (395). Unlike today's politicians, former leaders were trying to use simple words to let people understand their speech but without debasement of a public speech. However, Jacoby also concerns about the change of the term "soldiers" to " troops" by politicians and media. Jacoby states that some people in media or military media claim that the term "soldiers" would be offensive for women who have joined the army as "Dimwits", since they claim that the term "soldier" sounds masculine that is not true. Jacoby believes that the reason behind the change of that term is to magnify the news about the war and its losses. She links the change in both terms "folks" and "troops" to the debasement of speeches as she states: â€Å"Like unremitting appeals to folks, the victory of troops over soldiers offers an impressive illustration of the relationship between fuzzy thinking and the debasement of everyday speech" (396). Just as Jacoby who does not define the debase speech as one that simply uses prosaic grammar structure, Sloan almost has the same concerns about the signs and billboards, posters and stickers emblazoned with patriotic slogans such as "United We Stand," "Support the Troops," "Pray for the Troops," "Let Freedom R ing," "Home of the Brave," "God Bless America" which can be met everywhere in his hometown. His main argument is about the way the slogans are written and what they really mean. He analyzes those patriotic slogans and criticizes them satirically. In addition, he finds some of them are contradictive and unrealistic. For example, â€Å"Let Freedom Ring† and â€Å"United We Stand†, he believes that those two patriotic slogans are conflict with each other, as he wonders â€Å"

Next Generation Weather Satellites Research Paper

Next Generation Weather Satellites - Research Paper Example in this research paper called "Next generation weather satellites'', the author describes the perspective that our world can achieve with modern meteorological equipment. This theme is underlooked from the technical side, so this paper will be helpful for students of Technical faculties or Design. The author strongly believes that next generation weather satellites are still in production, while others are still in the design process for maximum efficiency and reliability possible, as well as operational life. As a result, there is a need to look at the next generational weather satellites based on their design and technological features onboard that are used for weather forecasting and planning purposes. The design of next generation weather satellites is dependent on a number of aspects, of which the cost of production is one, and this plays a crucial role in determining how soon these systems can be operational. As such, the cost of facilitating the creation of next generation wea ther satellites is high and therefore requires a large amount of capital. This is following the steps used in the design of different technologies used in this heavy equipment in that there are the design fees. Current programs in this venture of producing next generation weather satellites have faced significant constraints from financial pressure and shortcomings, where most of the projects to produce them have overrun their budgets. This paper consists of Introduction, Main part and Reference List. Download and get you highest A! The main reason for this lies with the fact that the components required to produce a single satellite are not required en masse, but are instead procured from different manufacturers, which makes the price high due to poor economies of scale based on wholesale and retail prices (Altium, 2012). Single components cost more than bulk component sales, thus there is need to consider the pricing in the designing of the next generation weather satellites based on price, where in spite of the high cost of design and production of the satellites, bulk production of the satellites is more viable due to lowering the cost of the components. In addition, another factor in the design of next generational weather satellites in relation to the cost is being cost effective in saving operational costs from older satellites that have been in orbit on in a geosynchronous position with earth. As such, designing these satellites based o efficiency is a feature to be considered as even current trends indi cate that studies have been done to assess the role of cost effectiveness in next generation weather satellites. Costs of factoring in and using next generation satellites based on improved modern technology are lower than the current satellites in orbit considering the resolution of images captured from technically and technologically advanced features to be found in next generation satellites (Gonzalez, 1998). Considering this, designing next generation weather satellites requires production of data such as maps and tracking of weather patterns at only a fraction of the conventional cost used in traditional satellites that are already in orbit. The above consideration in designing next generation satellites ensures that the functionality of these satellites is meant to overtake the current weather satellites by cutting down on their cost of operation in relation to resolutions and photographic units to be incorporated into the equipment. This is further to translate the cost of of fering access to the satellites, since there will be no need to keep analyzing the data from a third party point on the ground since all is taken care of from the satellites end. The above brings in the concept of technological inclusions in designing next generation weather satellites. In tis point, there is one key aspect to assess and analyze critically as it serves the central point in the entire satellite network for both existing and next generation. Sensors are what pick up information and

Psychology of Aesthetics: Overview of Theories

Psychology of Aesthetics: Overview of Theories How is aesthetic experience linked to familiarity and information? Critically discuss at least two theoretical perspectives and provide evidence based on the literature. The phenomenon of aesthetic experience refers to a preference judgement to sensory experience. This hedonic response has its roots from the philosopher Baumgarten 1750 (as cited in Reber et al, 2004) who likened the concept of sensation and perception pertaining to beauty, appreciation and art. The philosophical approaches influenced the endeavor to discover contributors to aesthetic experience. Conversely, Fechner adopted an empirical approach rather than the complex philosophical approaches to understanding aesthetic experiences. For instance, experimentation on stimulus properties and preference responses provided a more organized bottom – up approach. (Shimura and Palmer, 2014) Gestalt psychologists took on a holistic approach to the principles of perceptual organization. For instance, the principle of familiarity suggests that objects appear to be grouped if the groups are assured to be familiar or meaningful. (Goldstein, 2002) Another principle proposed is that stimulus patterns are pictured in a style that is the most simplistic. For example the Olympic symbol is not usually perceived as nine shapes within five circles but simply as five circles. Thus, Gesalt account does provide a reason into the perception of stimulus. However, Gesalt principles do not explain the role of familiarity and simplicity of information in aesthetic experience. (Goldstein, 2002) One explanation introduced by the processing fluency is the ease of processing information which consists of perceptual fluency and conceptual fluency. (Reber et al. 2004) Perceptual fluency refers to the ease of processing the perceptual features of a stimulus (Jacoby and Kelley,1987). Whilst, Conceptual fluency is the ease of processing the meaning of a stimulus, or the fluency of conceptually driven processing (Whittlesea, 1993). Prior exposure to stimuli can increase processing fleuncy this is the mere exposure effect report by Zajonc (1968) He theorized the more often an individual is exposed to an object the more likely they are to develop a preference for stimulus that is familiar than unfamiliar. He demonstrated the causal relation between mere exposure and attitude enhancement. Through a series of experiments nonsense words, Chinese ideographs and photographs of faces were presented in counter balanced order to participants and rated on a scale of how good or bad stimulus words meant and how favorable photographs were. Liking for a stimulus was found to be positively related to the amount of stimulus exposure. The proximity of experienced fluency and preference judgment can lead participants to misinterpret fluency as their preference reaction to the stimulus. Hence, repeated exposure of a stimulus increases perceptual fluency, which in turn increases the likelihood of misattribution to preference for stimulus. (Bornstein and D’Agostino, 1994).The mere exposure effect can provide an account for, different cultural preferences seen in society. For instance, Hannon et al. (2012) used simple rhythms common in American and Turkish music, complex rhythms common in Turkish music and highly complex rhythms not found in Turkish and American music. Turkish participants performed accurately in simple and complex conditions. However, they performed less accurately in highly complex condition. Conversely, Americans performed accurately when detecting disruptions to the simple rhythm. However, they performed less accurately on the complex and highly complex conditions. Nonetheless , the robustness of the mere exposure effect is controversial. Kali (1974) exposed children aged seven, nine and eleven years old to Chinese characters. Children then ranked the stimuli according to liking. The seven and nine year olds preferred the familiar characters and the eleven year olds preferred the novel stimuli. Another set of ranks taken three weeks after indicated that eleven year olds preferred the more familiar characters. It was proposed boredom effects intervened on preference ratings. Indeed, Borstein et al. (1990) suggests That, simple stimuli become boring in comparison to complex stimuli. Berlyne 1960,1974 (as cited in Messinger,1998) proposed that intermediate levels of information produce the highest ratings.Thus, Uncertainty of information is related to aesthetic preference in the inverted U shape function rather than the linear function proposed by the mere – exposure effect. Whilst, preference was based on stimulus related arousal, preference increases to maximal liking, as arousal potential reaches the optimal level. Furthermore, arousal leads to a decrease in liking thus displeasure increases. ( Martindale et al. 1990) This idea of information on preference derived from information theory which is based on mathematical principles. (Berlyne,1957) utilizing a logarithmic equation to measure information yielded by all possible combinations of a given number of stimuli. When there are equally likely possibilities in a stimulus set, the higher the figure the more informational stimulus tends to be, since more combinations are involved. Martindale et al. (1990) tested Berlyne’s predictions. In the first experiment they asked participants to rate their liking for a series of random polygons varying in size and number of turns. A rating scale has the advantage that it provides a degree of opinion rather than a binary response. Results indicated that polygons with ten turns were preferred and that size had no effect on preference. However, when the same experiment was repeated with a larger range of size and complexity levels. Preference was linearly related to complexity. This questioned the ecological validity and generalizability of Berlyne’s model. Martindale et al. (1990) This contradiction challenges the processing fluency account as a simple stimulus should be preferred as there is less information compared to complex stimulus. Perhaps the mediation of other factors plays an important role, such as expertise and expectation. Reber et al (2004) when expectections of complex stimuli are violated by e asy processing then this creates pleasure. Reber et al. (2004) Asethetic pleasure has been found to vary among experts and novices. People who are novices tend to prefer simple, protypical stimuli such as symmetry whereas experts prefer complex, asymmetrical stimuli. (McWhinnie, 1968) Preference for symmetrical sequences in body movement was investigated by Orgs et al. (2013). Participants were exposed to either symmetrical or asymmetrical sequences. Both groups, then rated the sequences. Results indicated that both groups rated symmetrical sequences higher. Participants in the asymmetrical group displayed an increase preference for asymmetrical sequences. This can be explained by the mere exposure effect. The influence of aesthetic preference on compositional structure and postural information may differ among novice and experts. Moreover, other behaviours such as the ability to identify the structure in aesthetic experience and if participants are asked to perform actions instead of using rating scales is to be explored. Jacobsen and Hoefel (2003) showed symmetrical and non symmetrical patterns and recorded whether participants judged them as beautiful or not beautiful. They correlated this to Event related potentials. The results indicated that symmetrical patterns were positively correlated to beautiful judgements. Aesthetic judgements related to anterior frontomedian and right hemisphere activation. This does provide an account of processing aesthetic appreciation occurring in specialized brain areas. Nevertheless, this correlation does not mean that specialized brain activation causes aesthetic preference for symmetrical patterns. Event related potentials (ERP) are difficult to detect in the electroencephalograms (EEGS) the ERP is combined with other electrical signals. However the procedure offers a non-invasive technique compared to other procedures which expose participants to radiation or injection. (Kolb and Wishaw, 2009) In addition, the variety of aesthetic preferences are not captured by the forced choice methods. Preference for symmetrical patterns may be due to fluent processing as there is less information to process. (Reber et al. 2004) The preference towards a given feature over another is not well explained. Bar and Neta (2006) Adopted an evolutionary perspective, they proposed sharp objects signal danger and curved objects signal safety. They found a preference for curved objects. Furthermore, there was no difference in reaction time, which challenges the perceptual fluency account. Findings support the mere exposure effect as real objects was preferred over novel patterns. Evolutionary perspective poses issues of falsification however, Carbon (2010) used realistic images of cars from 1950 to 1999 and found a preference for curved models, although fashion trends can also have an impact. The stimuli used is more realistic than rating polygons. In addition, this illustrates aesthetic experiences can change over time. The majority of the studies discussed explore aesthetic liking, however, many dimensions of aesthetic experiences exist. Such as, the pleasure of negative emotions is not captured well. In overview, the studies discussed suggest that the familiarity, novelty, complexity, simplicity of information plays an important role in aesthetic experiences. ( Zajonc,1968; Messinger ,1998) That is, preference for something is in between familiarity and novelty. As boredom intervenes with preference and familiarity. (Borstein et al.1990)Novelty can violate expectations and signal danger. (Reber et al.2004;Bar and Neta, 2006) This is similar for complex and simple information. Preference for something is between easy and challenging stimulus. ((McWhinnie,1968) Preference for things that is known can explain cultural differences in aesthetic experiences. (Hannon et al, 2012) Through neuroaesthetic approaches, specialized brain areas can be linked to aesthetic experience. (Jacobsen and Hoefel, 2003) Despite, different tastes neuroaesthetics can offer a way of investigating the underlying mechanisms involved in the aesthetic experience to generate a set of principles that influence aesthetic experiences. In a nutshell, the theoretical perspectives indicates detecting regularities and understanding information is something humans find aesthetically pleasing. References Bar.M,Neta.M (2006) Humans prefer curved visual objects. Psychological science,17,645-648. Berlyne.D.E. (1957) Uncertainity and conflict: A point of contact between information-theory and behaviour – theory concepts. The psychological review. 64,6. 329-339. Borstein.E.R,Kale.R.A,Cornell.R.K. (1990) Boredom as a Limiting Condition on the Mere Exposure Effect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.58, 5, 791-800 Borstein.R.F, D’Agostino.P.R. (1992) Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63, 545-552. Carbon.C.C. (2010) The cycle of preference: long –term dynamics of aesthetic appreciation. Acta psychologica, 134, 233-244. Goldstein.B.E (2002) Sensation and perception (6th edn) USA: Wadsworth. Hannon, E. E., Soley, G., Ullal, S. (2012, February 20). Familiarity Overrides Complexity in Rhythm Perception: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Turkish Listeners. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Jacobsen.T, Hoefel.L. (2003) Descriptive and evaluative judgement processes: Behavioural and electrophysical indices of processing symmetry and aesthetics. Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience.4, 289- 299. Jacoby, Larry L. and Colleen M. Kelley (1987),Unconscious Influences of Memory for a Prior Event, Personality Social Psychology Bulletin, 13 (March), 314-336. Kali.V.R (1974) Familarity and attraction to stimuli: Developmental change or methological artifact ? Journal of experimental child psychology. 18, 504 – 511. Kolb.B,Whishaw.Q.I (2009) Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. (6th edn) New York: Worth publishers. McWhinnie.J.H. (1968) A review of research on aesthetic measure. Acta psychologica. 28, 363-375. Martindale.C,Moore.K,Borkum.J. (1990) Aesthetic preference: Anomalous findings for berlyne’s psychobiological theory. The American journal of psychology. 103,1, 53-80. Messinger.M.S (1998) pleasure and complexity: Berlyne revisted. The journal of psychology. 132, 5, 558-560. Orgs.G,Hagura.N,Haggard.p (2013) learning to like it: Aesthetic perception of bodies, movements and choreographic structure. Consciousness and cogition. 22, 603-612. Reber.R,Schwarz.N,Winkielman.P. (2004) processing fleuncy and aesthetic pleasure: is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience ? Personality and social psychology review, vol: 8, 4, 364-382. Shimaura. P.A,Palmer. E.S.(2014) Aesthetic science connecting Minds, Brains and Experience. New York: Oxford university press. Whittlesea. A.W.B (1993) Illusions of familiarity. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, memory and cognition. 19,6,1235-1253. Zajonc. R.B (1968) Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social psychology. 9, 1- 27.

imbedded journalists Essay -- essays research papers

The embedding of journalists in Iraq has opened up many doors for the profession of journalism and for the United States military. Not only could the general public view the war from inside the battle, they witnessed the dirt raining on the troops as a rocket propelled grenade hits close to a battalions position and the soldiers wince as they are stung by a violent sandstorm. During the conflict, the United States military permitted news organizations to have a reporter travel with the ground troops in Iraq. This not only allowed reporters to record the battles from an up close and personal persepective, but it also allowed the public to see a the human side of the troops. Theoritically, this practice is an incredible opportunity for the military and the news organizations to mend their historically troubled relationship; however, in application it undermines everything that a journalist must do in order to accurately report the news, subjecting themselves to censorship and getting involved with a conflict. It is an ethics nightmare to think of all of the codes of the journalistic profession that are violated with this practice. Although it is better then the relationship between the press and the military has been for many years, it is still flawed and in desperate need of refinement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Vietnam War, censorship was at a minimum. War correspondants traveled freely through Vietnam, often with a military transport. The government was very...

Football Academies Child protection Essay

Key factors of an enhanced Centre of Excellence and Football Academies  Child protection  All staff to be screened and registered  Each centre to designate a member of staff responsible form child  Protection and awareness training  Development of child protection policy  Limitation on numbers of Centres of excellence per club  Grievance procedure  Agreed football calendar including 36 in-service training for all staff  Staff to be required to maintain personal CPD portfolios  Guide lines to parents with regard to registration, educational needs etc  Player coach ratios  Mandatory coaching for goal keepers. PROVISIONS FOR MALE AND FEMALE COMPETITORS Football has always been the people’s game; because anyone can play it almost anywhere- you just need a ball and some friends. For anyone wanting to play football seriously there are opportunities to take part in football across the country. The levels of football opportunities available will vary from 5a-side leagues played indoor or outdoor after work right up to 11a-side competitive leagues played usually at weekends.  Football is now officially the biggest women’s and girls sport in England. Research has shown that girls who want to play sport want to play football but just because you didn’t play when you were young doesn’t mean you can’t play now. There are over 800 women’s teams playing 11a-side competitive football every week throughout the August-May season. One of the reasons people get involved is because the equipment is so cheap. All you need a pair of shin pads, a pair of boots and the club usually supply the kit. If you want to get involved in football call the local rate line which will tell you of the teams available in your area and how you can join them. Call 0845 310 8555. PROVISIONS FOR DISABLED PARTICIPANTS There are currently six England squads for disabled participants. These are:  Blind-these people are classified according to their level of sight. Game is played on a solid surface. The football contains ball bearings so the players can hear the ball  Partially sighted-Players who have little sight in their eyes. Games played indoors with a size 4 ball, which doesn’t bounce, as much as the normal ones Deaf and hearing impaired-Average hearing loss of 55 decibels in the better ear. Players must not wear hearing aids  Cerebral palsy-Players must be ambulant. 7a-side, 2 halves of 30 mins  Learning disabilities- players must have an intellectual disability (IQ below 75)  Amputee-outfield either above or below the knee single amputees and goalkeepers are single arm amputees  The teams all receive official England kit, a physio a fully trained technical adviser and money towards travel costs for attending European and World champion ships.  The aim of this is to see EVERYONE have the chance to play football even if they have a disability it doesn’t stop them taking part in a separate game. CONCLUSION Overall I believe that the F.A. is doing nearly everything in its power to develop the game of football throughout the country and give just about everyone that wants a chance to play the option to participate. They are doing this through their initiatives for disabled and normal players and have made rule adaptations to fit their level sport. Although they are doing a lot, I believe they could do more by developing more courses for people who want to get involved with the more teaching side of football and make the option open for anyone who wants to attend a course i.e. coaching or referees easy access to areas close to home where they can participate.

SQ3R Method of Reading †Retain More Information

SQ3R Method of Reading - Retain More Information Throughout college and graduate school, you can expect to be assigned a great deal of reading,  and students who arent comfortable with reading or who feel like their skills are deficient will find it hard to succeed.  Attend class without having read and youll hurt only yourself. The most efficient students read with purpose and set goals. The SQ3R Method is designed to help you read faster and retain more information than ordinary reading methods. SQ3R stands for the steps in reading: survey, question, read, recite, review. It might seem like it takes more time to use the SQ3R method, but youll find that you remember more and have to reread less often. Lets take a look at the steps: Survey Before reading, survey the material. Glance through the topic headings and try to get an overview of the reading. Skim the sections and read the final summary paragraph to get an idea of where the chapter is going. Survey - dont read. Survey with purpose, to get a background knowledge, an initial orientation that will help you to organize the material as you read it. The surveying step eases you into the reading assignment Question Next, look at the first heading in the chapter. Turn it into a question. Create a series of questions to be answered in your reading. This step requires conscious effort but is worth it as it leads to active reading, the best way to retain written material. Asking questions focuses your concentration on what you need to learn or get out of your reading  -   it provides a sense of purpose. Read Read with purpose - use the questions as a guide. Read the first section of your reading assignment to answer your question. Actively search for the answers. If you finish the section and have not found an answer to the question, reread it. Read reflectively. Consider what the author is trying to say, and think about how you can use that information. Recite Once you have read a section, look away and try to recite the answer to your question, using your own words and examples. If you can do this, it means that you understand the material. If you cannot, glance over the section again. Once you have the answers to your questions, write them down. Review After reading the entire assignment, test your memory by reviewing your list of questions. Ask each one and review your notes. Youve created a set of notes that provide an overview the chapter.  You likely will not have to reread the chapter again. If youve taken good notes, you can use them to study for exams. As you review your notes, consider how the material fits with what you know from the course, experience, and other classes. What is the informations significance? What are the implications or applications of this material? What questions are you left with? Thinking about these bigger questions helps to place what youve read within the context of the course and your education - and is likely to lead to better retention. The extra steps of the SQ3R method may seem time-consuming, but they lead to a better understanding of the material so youll get more out of the reading with fewer passes. How many of the steps you follow is up to you. As you become more efficient you may find that you can read more - and retain more - with less effort. Regardless, if an assignment is important, be sure to take notes so that you dont have to reread it later.

The Martha Stewart Case

The Martha Stewart Case In March 2004, a jury found domestic diva Martha Stewart guilty of conspiracy, making false statements and obstruction of agency proceedings stemming from a sale of stock in biotech company ImClone Systems Inc. in December 2001. Stewart, however, was never charged with insider trading, all her charges were related to covering up information concerning the stock trade and obstructing the investigation. Latest Developments Martha Stewart Sends Thanksgiving Greetings Previous Developments Martha Stewart Begins Prison Term Government Withheld Evidence, Martha Stewart ClaimsOct 7, 2004Martha Stewarts appeals lawyers have accused federal prosecutors of withholding evidence that could have led to an acquittal in her trial on charges of lying to investigators about a stock sale. Martha Stewart to Serve Time at Camp CupcakeSept. 29, 2004Martha Stewart will begin serving her five-month prison sentence for lying about a stock sale at Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia, a minimum-security dubbed by locals as Camp Cupcake. Martha Stewart Headed to Prison Oct. 8Sept. 21. 2004A federal judge lifted the stay of Martha Stewarts five-month sentence to allow her to begin serving her five months in federal prison October 8 as she requested. Martha Stewart Asks to Begin Prison SentenceSept. 15, 2005Martha Stewart has asked to begin her five-month prison sentence as soon as possible instead of waiting for the appeals process in order to put this nightmare behind me. Martha Stewart Gets Five Months, Plans AppealJuly 16, 2004Martha Stewart was sentenced by a federal judge to serve five months in prison, but the domestic diva will not have to attempt living graciously behind bars anytime soon.

Health and Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Safety - Assignment Example First, the employees stop feeling proud to be associated with the company. Secondly, the careless accidents can instill fear on the employees on learning how they are working in poor conditions. Additionally, high cost-cutting and reduced infrastructure budget exposes the employees to more workplace hazards. Finally, these practices make the employees to lack role models. First, they can lead to fatal accidents that cause massive ecological damages, like the Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010, which can lead employees to lack confidence in the company (Balaguer, 2010). Secondly, they can lead the employees to take court action against the company. Thirdly, the employees may plan mass protest or strike which can paralyze the operations of the company. In addition, they can lead accidents, which cause death and injury to employees straining the relationship between the two parties. Lastly, they can lead the employees to question the company commitment to their safety and wellbeing. First, the BP operations license may suspend. Secondly, the company license may be revoked due to failure to meet the standards set. Thirdly, the authorities can close part of BP facilities they deem hazardous, like it happened in 2006 on some part of Prudhoe Bay oilfield in Alaska (Coy and Reed, 2010, p.53). Additionally, huge fines can be imposed on the company. Finally, the authorities make sure that the company cleans up the mess from accidents, pays damages, and contributes towards restoration of the ecology. First, they cost the company’s reputation a major blow once revealed. Secondly, the customers loose confidence in the company’s products turning to competitors. Thirdly, the public and customers may sue the company due to environmental damages. Further, the public and customers may shun the company’s social responsibility efforts. Lastly, due to

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Research Paper

Professional Knowledge and Abilities - Research Paper Example The association promotes professionalism in education through the provision of classroom mini-grants and scholarships designed specifically to help advance continuing education and student achievement. All members are eligible to apply for these grants and scholarships. Through the association newsletter, Education Matters, an easy-to-read and straight-to-the-point letter, members are updated with key issues in the education career. Indeed, featured articles with refreshing perspective in recent editions include â€Å"A Charter School Success Story in the Making†, â€Å"Reinventing Special Education†, Empowering Teachers to do Assessment† and â€Å"The Three Reasons We Must Teach History†. Furthermore, through the Individual Liability Insurance policy, the association guarantees $2,000,000 protection per occurrence, per member. In addition, the association’s Legal Protection benefits ensure that members have access to legal counsel at the onset of wo rkplace issues and Defense costs. The legal coverage takes care of legal action arising from out of duties.